©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
BIO 270 Exam 4 (final) – Hynd Exam Study
Guide Solutions
endocrinology - ANSWER✔✔-study of homeostatic activities accomplished by hormones
hormone - ANSWER✔✔-chemical released into blood to regulate distant target cells
hormones exert effect on _____ cells some distance away from the site of release - ANSWER✔✔-target
major glands of the central endocrine system - ANSWER✔✔-hypothalamus and pituitary
major glands of the peripheral endocrine system - ANSWER✔✔-thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid, gonads
major processes the endocrine system can regulate include... - ANSWER✔✔-- reproduction, growth and
development
- elecrolyte/water/nutrient balance of blood
- cellular metabolism/energy balance
- immune defenses
Page 1/58
, ©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
phospholipids - ANSWER✔✔-double layered barrier that allows only small, non-polar (lipid, steroids,
etc.) across
on the outer region of phospholipids, polar heads are (hydrophilic/hydrophobic) - ANSWER✔✔-
hydrophilic (attracted to water)
on the center region of phospholipids, tails are (hydrophilic/hydrophobic) - ANSWER✔✔-hydrophobic
(deterrent of water)
endocrine gland - ANSWER✔✔-structure that synthesizes and secretes hormones into the blood
exocrine gland - ANSWER✔✔-structure that synthesizes and secretes a product by way of a duct to an
external environment (sweat glands, pancreatic acini)
tropic hormone - ANSWER✔✔-hormone that regulates production and secretion of another hormone
(endocrine/exocrine) glands are ductless - ANSWER✔✔-endocrine
types of hormones - ANSWER✔✔-hydrophilic, lipophilic
hydrophilic hormones - ANSWER✔✔-highly soluble in water
types of hydrophilic hormones - ANSWER✔✔-peptide (i.e. insulin), catecholamines (i.e. NE, Epi)
lipophilic hormones - ANSWER✔✔-highly soluble in lipids
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, ©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
types of lipophilic hormones - ANSWER✔✔-thyroid hormone (derived from tyrosine), steroid hormones
(derived from cholesterol)
processing of peptide hormones - ANSWER✔✔-1. preprohormones are synthesized from rER and
migrate to Golgi in membrane bound vesicles
2. while in ER and golgi, preprohormones are processed into prohormones followed by active hormones
3. golgi packages and labels hormones into secretory vesicles that are stored in cytoplasm until
appropriate signal
4. upon signal, vesicle membrane fuses with plasma membrane and peptide hormone is exocytosed
peptide hormones are synthesized by endocrine as..... - ANSWER✔✔-any protein that is destined for
export from the cell
processing of steroid hormones - ANSWER✔✔-1) Cholesterol is the precursor for all
steroid hormones
2) Enzymatic reactions modify the side groups on cholesterol
(Specific enzymes are localized to
particular steroidogenic organs/glands)
3) Once formed, steroids immediately diffuse through plasma membrane to reach blood
Page 3/58
, ©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
- (Only cholesterol is stored in significant quantities)
4) Following secretion, some steroid hormones, and thyroid hormone, are changed into more potent or
different hormones
peptide hormones dissolve in .... - ANSWER✔✔-blood
how are steroid/thyroid hormones transported? - ANSWER✔✔-cannot dissolve in blood, bind to plasma
proteins
some plasma proteins only carry _____ lipophilic hormones, while others (albumin) pick up ____
hormone - ANSWER✔✔-specific, any
transport of catecholamines - ANSWER✔✔-50% circulate as free hormones, 50% bind to albumin
only (bound/unbound) hormones are active and capable of binding with target cell receptors, why? -
ANSWER✔✔-unbound - ensures large reserve pool to replenish "free" pool
to induce a response, hormones must bind to.... - ANSWER✔✔-receptors associated with their target cell
hormone receptor - ANSWER✔✔-protein that recognizes and binds to a specific hormone, can be on the
plasma membrane or inside the cell
target cell - ANSWER✔✔-have receptors for hormone, will change cellular process when hormone binds
Page 4/58
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
BIO 270 Exam 4 (final) – Hynd Exam Study
Guide Solutions
endocrinology - ANSWER✔✔-study of homeostatic activities accomplished by hormones
hormone - ANSWER✔✔-chemical released into blood to regulate distant target cells
hormones exert effect on _____ cells some distance away from the site of release - ANSWER✔✔-target
major glands of the central endocrine system - ANSWER✔✔-hypothalamus and pituitary
major glands of the peripheral endocrine system - ANSWER✔✔-thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid, gonads
major processes the endocrine system can regulate include... - ANSWER✔✔-- reproduction, growth and
development
- elecrolyte/water/nutrient balance of blood
- cellular metabolism/energy balance
- immune defenses
Page 1/58
, ©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
phospholipids - ANSWER✔✔-double layered barrier that allows only small, non-polar (lipid, steroids,
etc.) across
on the outer region of phospholipids, polar heads are (hydrophilic/hydrophobic) - ANSWER✔✔-
hydrophilic (attracted to water)
on the center region of phospholipids, tails are (hydrophilic/hydrophobic) - ANSWER✔✔-hydrophobic
(deterrent of water)
endocrine gland - ANSWER✔✔-structure that synthesizes and secretes hormones into the blood
exocrine gland - ANSWER✔✔-structure that synthesizes and secretes a product by way of a duct to an
external environment (sweat glands, pancreatic acini)
tropic hormone - ANSWER✔✔-hormone that regulates production and secretion of another hormone
(endocrine/exocrine) glands are ductless - ANSWER✔✔-endocrine
types of hormones - ANSWER✔✔-hydrophilic, lipophilic
hydrophilic hormones - ANSWER✔✔-highly soluble in water
types of hydrophilic hormones - ANSWER✔✔-peptide (i.e. insulin), catecholamines (i.e. NE, Epi)
lipophilic hormones - ANSWER✔✔-highly soluble in lipids
Page 2/58
, ©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
types of lipophilic hormones - ANSWER✔✔-thyroid hormone (derived from tyrosine), steroid hormones
(derived from cholesterol)
processing of peptide hormones - ANSWER✔✔-1. preprohormones are synthesized from rER and
migrate to Golgi in membrane bound vesicles
2. while in ER and golgi, preprohormones are processed into prohormones followed by active hormones
3. golgi packages and labels hormones into secretory vesicles that are stored in cytoplasm until
appropriate signal
4. upon signal, vesicle membrane fuses with plasma membrane and peptide hormone is exocytosed
peptide hormones are synthesized by endocrine as..... - ANSWER✔✔-any protein that is destined for
export from the cell
processing of steroid hormones - ANSWER✔✔-1) Cholesterol is the precursor for all
steroid hormones
2) Enzymatic reactions modify the side groups on cholesterol
(Specific enzymes are localized to
particular steroidogenic organs/glands)
3) Once formed, steroids immediately diffuse through plasma membrane to reach blood
Page 3/58
, ©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
- (Only cholesterol is stored in significant quantities)
4) Following secretion, some steroid hormones, and thyroid hormone, are changed into more potent or
different hormones
peptide hormones dissolve in .... - ANSWER✔✔-blood
how are steroid/thyroid hormones transported? - ANSWER✔✔-cannot dissolve in blood, bind to plasma
proteins
some plasma proteins only carry _____ lipophilic hormones, while others (albumin) pick up ____
hormone - ANSWER✔✔-specific, any
transport of catecholamines - ANSWER✔✔-50% circulate as free hormones, 50% bind to albumin
only (bound/unbound) hormones are active and capable of binding with target cell receptors, why? -
ANSWER✔✔-unbound - ensures large reserve pool to replenish "free" pool
to induce a response, hormones must bind to.... - ANSWER✔✔-receptors associated with their target cell
hormone receptor - ANSWER✔✔-protein that recognizes and binds to a specific hormone, can be on the
plasma membrane or inside the cell
target cell - ANSWER✔✔-have receptors for hormone, will change cellular process when hormone binds
Page 4/58
