,1. Multiple Choice: Which of the following neurotransmitters
is primarily involved in the pathophysiology of depression?
a) Dopamine
b) Serotonin
c) GABA
d) Acetylcholine
Answer: b) Serotonin
Rationale: Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter that has
been found to be significantly involved in the
pathophysiology of depression. Alterations in serotonin
levels and its receptor function are linked to mood
regulation.
2. Fill-in-the-Blank: __________ is the term used to
describe a high level of thyroid hormone production, which
can lead to psychiatric manifestations such as anxiety and
mood swings.
Answer: Hyperthyroidism
Rationale: Hyperthyroidism can cause a hypermetabolic
state leading to various psychiatric symptoms, including
anxiety and mood disturbances.
3. True/False: Schizophrenia is solely a genetic disorder.
Answer: False
Rationale: Schizophrenia is a complex disorder with both
genetic and environmental factors contributing to its
development.
, d) Lack of social support
Answers: a), b), c), d)
Rationale: PTSD is a multifactorial disorder where genetic
predisposition, exposure to traumatic events, chronic stress,
and lack of social support all contribute to its development.
5. Multiple Choice: The primary pathophysiological change
in Alzheimer's disease is:
a) Neurofibrillary tangles
b) Amyloid plaques
c) Dopamine deficiency
d) Serotonin excess
Answer: b) Amyloid plaques
Rationale: Amyloid plaques are the hallmark of
Alzheimer's disease, resulting from the accumulation of
abnormally folded amyloid-beta protein.
6. Fill-in-the-Blank: The term __________ refers to the
coexistence of both depressive and manic episodes in
bipolar disorder.
Answer: Mixed features
Rationale: Mixed features in bipolar disorder describe the
presence of both manic and depressive symptoms
occurring nearly every day during a single episode.
7. True/False: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is
considered a first-line treatment for major depressive
disorder.
Answer: False
Rationale: ECT is typically reserved for severe cases of
major depressive disorder that have not responded to other
treatments.
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