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BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY EXAM- Q&A 2024 / 2025
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BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY EXAM-Q&A
What are the four subfields of anthropology? - Answer-Cultural anthropology,
archaeology, biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology
What is cultural anthropology? - Answer-The study of human societies.
What is archeology? - Answer-The study of the material culture of past peoples
What is linguistic anthropology? - Answer-The study of language, it's origins and use
What is biological anthropology? - Answer-The study of human biology in an
evolutionary framework
Steps of the Scientific Method - Answer-Make an observation.
Ask a question. ...
Propose a hypothesis. ...
Make predictions. ...
Test the predictions
Iterate.
What is a hypothesis? - Answer-a provisional explanation of a phenomenon. Requires
testing.
What makes a hypothesis? - Answer-that there is no predetermined outcome. To find
out whether a hypothesis is valid we have to establish what might prove it wrong. In
other words- it has to be falsifiable.
What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory/law? - Answer-Hypotheses
require rigorous testing via multiple independent observers
If the hypothesis continues to be supported and not rejected, we can have increased
confidence
All hypotheses are provisional and could be replaced with new data
Aristotle - Answer-Scala Naturae/ Great Chain of being
Plato - Answer-Platos essentialism: fixity of species, variation is unimportant, emphasis
on consistence and discontinuity, all species created perfectly no change is possible.
Carolus Linnaeus - Answer-Father of Taxonomy and systematics and catalogued
nature, created Systema Naturae
Systema Naturae - Answer-Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
, Binomial nomenclature
Archbishop James Ussher - Answer-Calculated the age of the earth using the old
testament. world was created on October, 23, 4004 BC
Mary Anning - Answer-British fossil collector, dealer, and paleontologist. Discovered the
first Ichthyosaurus, plesiosaurs, and pterodactyls.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck - Answer-theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics,
famous opens of Cuvier. Coined the term biology, advocated that evolution occurred
and proceeded in accordance with natural laws.
Georges Cuvier - Answer-father of paleontology and comparative anatomy, helped to
establish extinction as a fact, divided animal kingdom using anatomy. proponent of the
fixity of species Catastrophism: Cuvier suggested that catshropes caused extinction
after which new creations occurred.
Thomas Malthus - Answer-Essay on the Principle of Population.
Charles Lyell - Answer-considered the Father of Geology, argued in favor of
uniformitarianism.
Charles Darwin - Answer-English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution
by natural selection (1809-1882)
Alfred Russle Wallace - Answer-Sent Darwin a draft of his own theory of natural
selection for his feedback Joint Darwin-Wallace presentation given before the Linnean
Society of London for their theory of Natural Selection.
Johan Gregor Mendel - Answer-Father of genetics, Trained in botany at U of Vienna
Augustinian friar
Mendel's Experiments:
Particles do not blend
Both parents contribute hereditary material equally to the offspring
Traits must be represented by paris
Genes come in different forms known as alleles
Each copy segegates into a different sex cell (gamete)
Scala Naturae (Great Chain of Being) - Answer-organisms are unchanging and range
from simple to complex; no extinction, no new species, no variation; idea that developed
before world exploration and discovery of fossils, the idea that all living beings can be
viewed as representing various degrees of "perfection", Chain of Being, conception of
the nature of the universe that had a pervasive influence on Western thought
Teleology (argument from design) - Answer-argument for existence of intelligent creator
based on perceived evidence of deliberate desgin
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