Elementary Statistics
1401 (final exam)
questions and answers
Statistics - answer the science of collecting,
organizing, summarizing, and
analyzing information to draw conclusions or
answer questions. In addition, statistics is about
providing a measure of confidence in any
conclusions.
Data - answer a "fact or proposition used to draw a
conclusion or make a decision." Data describe
characteristics of an individual.
Population - answer The entire group of individuals
to be studied
Individual - answer a person or object that is a
member of the population being studied.
Sample - answer a subset of the population that is
being studied.
,descriptive statistics - answer consist of organizing
and summarizing data. Descriptive statistics
describe data through numerical summaries,
tables, and graphs.
statistic - answer a numerical summary based on a
sample.
inferential statistics - answer uses methods that
take results from a sample, extends them to the
population, and measures the reliability of the
result.
parameter - answer a numerical summary of a
population
(Statistic vs parameter) Suppose the percentage of
all students on your campus who have a job is
84.9%. - answer This value represents a parameter
because it is a numerical summary of a population.
(Statistic vs parameter) Suppose a sample of 250
students is obtained, and from this sample we find
that 86.4% have a job. - answer This value
represents a statistic because it is a numerical
summary based on a sample.
,The Process of Statistics - answer 1. Identify the
research objective
2. Collect the data needed to answer the
question(s) posed in (1).
3. Describe the data.
4. Perform inference
Variables - answer the characteristics of the
individuals within the population
quantitative variables (associated with discrete
and continuous data) - answer (take on # values)
provide numerical measures of individuals. The
values of a quantitative variable can be added or
subtracted and provide meaningful results.
****examples****
number of students in a class
population size of city
age of an individual
height of an individual
discrete variable - answer a quantitative variable
that has either a finite number of possible values
or a countable number of possible values
, continuous variable - answer a quantitative
variable that has an infinite number of possible
values that are not countable
qualitative data - answer (take on names or labels)
descriptive data; observations corresponding to a
qualitative variable
****examples****
eye color
gender
level of education
breed of dog
nominal - answer if the values of the variable
name, label, or categorize. In addition, the naming
scheme does not allow for the values of the
variable to be arranged in a ranked, or specific,
order.
ordinal - answer if it has the properties of the
nominal level of measurement and the naming
scheme allows for the values of the variable to be
arranged in a ranked, or specific, order.
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