1. Which of the following is the primary cause of systemic
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)?
A) Hypovolemia
B) Infection
C) Trauma
D) Chronic disease
Answer: B) Infection
Rationale: SIRS is often triggered by infection, but it can also be caused
by trauma, burns, or pancreatitis. However, infection is the most
common and primary cause of SIRS due to the inflammatory mediators
it releases.
2. Which of the following changes in the body is associated with the
activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) during
hypovolemic shock?
A) Decreased blood pressure
B) Decreased heart rate
C) Increased urine output
D) Vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels
Answer: A) Decreased blood pressure
Rationale: RAAS is activated in response to low blood volume or blood
pressure. It helps increase blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction,
increasing fluid retention, and stimulating aldosterone release, which
increases sodium and water retention.
3. In a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which
of the following pathophysiological changes occurs in the lungs?
A) Alveolar collapse and increased pulmonary compliance
B) Increased production of surfactant
,C) Diffuse inflammation and pulmonary edema
D) Decreased alveolar-capillary permeability
Answer: C) Diffuse inflammation and pulmonary edema
Rationale: ARDS is characterized by diffuse inflammation of the lung
tissue, leading to increased alveolar-capillary permeability, pulmonary
edema, and impaired gas exchange. This results in hypoxia and
respiratory failure.
4. Which of the following is a hallmark of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)?
A) Bronchoconstriction and reversible airflow obstruction
B) Increased lung compliance and decreased expiratory flow rates
C) Fibrosis of lung tissue with thickening of the alveolar walls
D) Hyperinflation and air trapping
Answer: D) Hyperinflation and air trapping
Rationale: COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation of the
airways, leading to airflow obstruction and air trapping. Hyperinflation
is a common feature, especially during exhalation, leading to difficulty
in fully emptying the lungs.
5. In myocardial infarction (MI), which enzyme is most commonly
elevated in the blood, signaling myocardial injury?
A) Creatine kinase (CK)
B) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
C) Troponin I
D) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Answer: C) Troponin I
Rationale: Troponin I is the most specific and sensitive biomarker for
myocardial injury. It is released into the bloodstream when myocardial
, cells are damaged, and it remains elevated for several days post-MI,
making it an excellent indicator for diagnosing MI.
6. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism in the
development of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A) Insulin resistance
B) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C) Decreased hepatic glucose production
D) Decreased renal glucose excretion
Answer: B) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Rationale: In type 1 diabetes mellitus, an autoimmune response
destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to a
deficiency in insulin. This causes hyperglycemia and other metabolic
disturbances.
7. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of
cirrhosis?
A) Increased bilirubin production due to hemolysis
B) Progressive scarring of the liver tissue with impaired hepatocyte
function
C) Decreased serum albumin levels due to kidney damage
D) Accumulation of fatty deposits in the liver cells
Answer: B) Progressive scarring of the liver tissue with impaired
hepatocyte function
Rationale: Cirrhosis is the result of chronic liver injury that leads to the
replacement of normal liver tissue with fibrotic tissue (scarring). This
process impairs liver function, leading to complications like portal
hypertension, jaundice, and coagulopathy.
8. In the pathophysiology of shock, what is the primary reason for
impaired cellular function?
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