Complete samenvatting het boek Information Systems Today van Valacich & Schneider. De samenvatting bevat de tentamenstof voor het vak Management en Informatiesystemen. De samenvatting bevat ook alle informatie uit de hoorcolleges (2020) en is in het Engels, net als het tentamen.
Samenvatting stof van Management en Informatiesystemen (Bedrijfseconomie)
Information Management - Information Systems Today: Managing in the digital world (Valacich & Scheider)
Samenvatting Information Systems
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Tilburg University (UVT)
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Management and Information Systems (330093B6)
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MANAGEMENT EN
INFORMATIESYSTEMEN
INFORMATION SYSTEMS TODAY
MANAGING IN THE DIGITAL WORLD
Joseph Valacich & Christoph Schneider | 8th Edition
SAMENVATTING
H1 T/M H10
,H1 MANAGING IN THE DIGITAL WORLD
1.1 INFORMATION SYSTEMS TODAY
Today, computers, the core components of information systems (IS), are ubiquitous. They are all
around us, whether you see them or not. Information technology is everywhere.
Increasing global competitiveness has forced companies to find ways to be better and to do things less
expensively. The answer for many firms continues to be to use information systems to do things
better, faster and cheaper. Using global telecommunications networks, companies can more easily
integrate their operations to access new markets for their products as well as access a large pool of
talented labour in countries with lower wages.
We are living in the post-PC area where wireless mobile devices allow for novel ways of interacting
with information systems.
THE EMERGENCE OF THE DIGITAL WORLD
Changes in technology have enabled new ways of working and socializing. Whereas traditionally
people were bound to a stationary PC to do essential tasks, they can now perform such tasks from
almost anywhere they have a cell phone signal. At the same time, workdays traditionally had a clear
beginning and end: from when you power your computer on to where you turn it off. Today, many
tasks can be done at any time, often in small chunks in between other tasks.
Computing has changed from an activity primarily focused on automating work to encompass various
social and causal activities. Devices such as smartphones allow for instant-on computing experiences,
whenever and wherever. Advances in cloud computing allow for accessing emails, files, notes, etc.
from different devices, further enhancing portability and mobility.
We are in a virtuous cycle where changes in technology enable social changes, and social changes
shape changes in technology.
In 1959, Peter Drucker predicted that information and information technology (IT) would become
increasingly important and he coined the term knowledge worker. Knowledge workers are typically
professionals who are relatively well educated and who create, modify, and/or synthesize knowledge
as a fundamental part of their jobs. As Drucker predicted, they are generally better paid than their
agricultural and industrial counterparts. They rely on and are empowered by formal education and
often also possess valuable real-world skills. They are continually learning how to do their jobs better,
have better career opportunities and far more bargaining power than workers ever had before.
Drucker also predicted that, with the growth in the number of knowledge workers and with their rise
in importance and leadership, a knowledge society would emerge, and education would become the
cornerstone of it. Possessing knowledge, Drucker argued, would be as important as possessing land,
capital or labor. And indeed, research shows that people equipped to prosper in the knowledge
society, such as those with a college education, earn far more on average.
This book refers to the knowledge society as the digital world. Information and related technologies
have become very important to us and knowledge workers are vital.
Many traditional occupations now increasingly use information technologies. Almost every
organization can now be considered an e-business. Whereas e-commerce generally means the use of
the Internet and related technologies to support commerce, e-business has a broader meaning: the
use of nearly any information technologies and systems to support every part of the business.
,The lines between knowledge worker and manual worker are blurring, to the point that some argue
that every worker is a knowledge worker. People at the front typically have good understanding of
how certain business processes work and how to improve them. Also, knowing how their work
contributes to business results can foster commitment, leading to higher job performance.
However, some argue that there is a downside to being a knowledge worker and living in the digital
world. Some argued that knowledge workers will be the first to be replaced by automation with
information technology. Others argue that in the new economy there is a digital divide, where those
with access to information have great advantages over those who don’t have access.
One thing is for certain: knowledge workers and information technologies are now critical to the
success of modern organizations, economies and societies.
GLOBALIZATION AND SOCIETAL ISSUES IN THE DIGITAL WORLD
The past decades have brought about a number of dramatic global changes, many of which influence
individuals, businesses, economies and societies. This is related to globalization, the integration of
economies throughout the world, enabled by innovation and technological process.
For organizations, globalization has opened up many opportunities, such as falling transportation and
telecommunication costs. Globalization has moved cultures closer together. This helps create a shared
understanding about norms of behavior or interaction, desirable goods or services, or even forms of
government.
The decrease in communication costs has increased the use of outsourcing, the moving of business
processes or tasks to another company or country. Companies are choosing to outsource for a variety
of reasons:
• Reduce or control costs
• Free up internal resources
• Gain access to world-class capabilities
• Increase the revenue potential of the organization
• Reduce time to market
• Increase process efficiencies
• Focus on core activities
• Compensate for a lack of specific capabilities or skills
Often, companies located in countries such as India can provide certain services much cheaper
because of lower labor costs, or companies perform certain functions in a different country to reduce
costs or harness skilled labor.
Globalization has also brought a number of operational challenges for organisations. Organizations
face governmental challenges related to differences in political systems, regulatory environments,
laws, standards or individual freedoms. Geo-economic challenges include differences in infrastructure,
demographics, welfare or workers’ expertise.
Organizations also face cultural challenges, such as differences in languages, beliefs, attitutes,
religions, viewpoints or life focus.
Companies intending to outsource have to carefully choose outsourcing locations, considering the
numerous different factors and weighing the potential benefits and drawbacks of the particular
country.
, The rapid development of transportation and telecommunication technologies, national and global
infrastructures, and information systems as well as a host of other factors has created a number of
pressing societal issues that will influence the world we live in. A few of these issues are:
• Demographic changes
These are changes in the structure of populations such as related to age, birth rates and
migration. Changes in demographics shift the balance of demand and supply of labor, differences
in welfare are likely to increase, etc.
• Urbanization
The movement of rural populations to urban areas, to a point where 50% of the world’s
population is now living in cities. Sustaining this growth while providing liveable environments for
the inhabitants poses major challenges.
• Shifts in economic power
There are changes in countries’ purchasing power and control over natural resources, where
established economies are losing their dominant positions in the world’s economy, resulting in the
need to resolve political struggles.
• Resource scarcity
Due to limited availability of fossil fuels and other natural resources.
• Climate change
Large scale and long-term regional and global changes in temperatures and weather patterns.
Population growth, global trade, consumerism, etc. contribute to increasing waste and pollution, as well
as a growing need for resources. As a consequence, sustainable development, development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs, is becoming an increasingly important aspect.
FIVE IT MEGATRENDS IN THE INFORMATION AGE
The development of sophisticated Web technologies has brought about a fundamental shift in types
of information technologies that are being used, and we’re seeing five ‘megatrends’ that influence
individuals, organizations and society:
1. Mobile
One of the biggest trends is the move toward mobile devices. In most developed countries, the
majority of adults have a mobile phone and have it within their reach 24/7. This is different from
access to their laptop or PC. Mobile devices have become the primary means of accessing the
Internet. For organizations this means increased collaboration and the ability to manage a
business in real time, at any time and from anywhere. It also provides a new way customers can
be reached. They have to create mobile-device-friendly versions of their websites and/or build
apps to market their products and services. Employees are increasingly using their own devices for
work purposes or are using software they are used to in the workplace. This trend can be both
worrying for organizations as provide opportunities, such as increased productivity, higher
retention rates of talented employees or higher customer satisfaction. Managing the trend ‘Bring
Your Own Device’ (BYOD) is a concern of business and IT managers.
Also, we have witnessed the consumerization of IT; many technological innovations are first
introduced in the consumer marketplace before being used by organisations, and businesses have
to constantly evaluate how a wide variety of new technologies might influence their ways of doing
business.
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