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Cell Biology Test bank

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Cell Biology

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Subido en 17 de enero de 2025
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cell biology

Institución Cell Biology
Grado Cell Biology

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Unity and Diversity of Cells
1. Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit?
a. The cell
2. Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.
a. The Paramecium is a multicellular organism covered with hairlike cilia.
i. False. The Paramecium is a single-celled organism.
b. Cells of different types can have different chemical requirements.
i. True
c. The branch-like extensions sprout from a single nerve cell in a mammalian brain
and can extend over several hundred micrometers.
i. True
3. Fill in the blanks.
a. Cells can be very diverse: superficially, they come in various sizes, which is a few
micrometers in length, to larger cells, such as a frog’s egg, which has a diameter
of about one millimeter. Despite the diversity, cells resemble each other to an
astonishing degree in their chemistry. For example, the same 20 amino acids are
used to make proteins. Similarly, the genetic information of all cells is stored in
their DNA. although viruses contain the same type of molecules as cells, their
inability to reproduce by themselves means they are not considered living
matter.
4. How does cellular specialization serve multicellular organisms, and how might a high
degree of specialization be detrimental?
a. In a multicellular organism, the specialization of cells creates a division of labor,
and each type of cell relies on the activities of other cell types for survival. This
cooperation between specialized cells is essential for the organism as a whole.
If one of these overly specialized cells were removed from the context of the
organism, it would not have the capabilities to generate offspring and would
probably not live very long.
5. The flow of genetic information is controlled by a series of biochemical reactions that
produce proteins, each with its own specific order of amino acids. Choose the correct
series of biochemical reactions.
a. Replication, transcription, translation
6. Proteins are important architectural and catalytic components within the cell, helping to
determine its chemistry, shape, and ability to respond to changes in the environment.
Remarkably, all the different proteins in a cell are made from the same 20 amino acids.
By linking them in different sequences, the cell can make protein molecules with
different conformations, surface chemistries, and therefore different functions.
7. Which statement is NOT true about mutations?

, a. A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring less fit for survival
than their parents.
b. A mutation can be a result of imperfect DNA duplication.
c. A mutation is a result of sexual reproduction.
d. A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring as fit for survival
as their parents.
8. Changes in DNA sequence from one generation to the next by result in offspring that are
altered in fitness compared with their parents. The process of change and selection over
the course of many generations is the basis of evolution.
9. Evolution is a process that can be understood based on the principles of mutation and
selection.
10. A cell’s genome contains all of the cell’s DNA.
11. Which statement is NOT true about the events/conclusions from studies during the
mid-1800s surrounding the discovery of cells?
a. Cells came to be known as the smallest universal building block of living
organisms
b. Scientists concluded that new cells can form spontaneously from the remnants
of ruptured cells.
c. Light microscopy was essential in demonstrating the commonalities between
plant and animal tissues.
d. New cells arise from the growth and division of previously existing cells.
12. What unit of lengths would you generally use to measure a typical plant or animal cell?
a. micrometers
13. Match the type of microscopy with the corresponding definition.
a. Phase-contrast uses a light microscope with an optical component to take
advantage of the different refractive indices of light passing through different cell
regions.
b. Bright-field employs a light microscope and requires that samples be fixed and
stained in order to reveal cellular details.
c. Fluorescence requires the use of two sets of filters. The first filter narrows the
wavelength range that reaches the specimen and the second blocks out all
wavelengths that pass back up to the eyepiece except for those emitted by dye i
in the sample.
d. Confocal scans the specimen with a focused laser beam to obtain a series of
two-dimensional optical sections, which can be used to reconstruct an image of
the specimen in three dimensions. The laser excites a fluorescent dye molecule,
and the emitted light from each illuminated point is captured through a pinhole
and recorded by a detector.

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