ogic, HA Concise Introduction to Lurley - Downloadable Solutions Manual (Revised)

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AConciseIntroductiontoLogic
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14th Edition by HurleyChapter 1 to 14
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TESTBANK
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,TABLEOFCONTENTS b b




PartI:INFORMAL LOGIC. b b b




1. BasicConcepts.
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Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions. Exercise. Recognizing Arguments. Exercise. Deduction and Induction. Exercise. Validity, Truth, Soundness, Streng
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Cogency. Exercise. Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Extended Arguments. Exercise.
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2. Language: Meaning andDefinition.
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Varieties of Meaning. Exercise. The Intension and Extension of Terms. Exercise.Definitions and Their Purposes. Exercise. Definitional Techniques.
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Exercise. Criteria for Lexical Definitions. Exercise.
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3. Informal Fallacies.
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Fallacies in General. Exercise. Fallacies of Relevance. Exercise. Fallaciesoof Weak Induction. Exercise. Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, and Illicit
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Transference. Exercise. Fallacies in Ordinary Language. Exercise.
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PartII:FORMALLOGIC. b b b




4. CategoricalPropositions.
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The Components of Categorical Propositions. Exercise. Quality,oQuantity, and Distribution. Exercise. Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square
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Opposition. Exercise. Conversion, Obversion,oand Contraposition. Exercise. The Traditional Square of Opposition. Exercise. Venn Diagrams an d
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Traditional Standpoint.Exercise.TranslatingOrdinaryLanguageStatementsintoCategoricalForm.Exercise.
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5. CategoricalSyllogisms.
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Standard Form, Mood, and Figure. Exercise. Venn Diagrams. Exercise. Rules and Fallacies. Exercise. Reducing the Number of Terms. Exercise. O rdinar
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Language Arguments. Exercise. Enthymemes. Exercise. Sorites. Exercise.
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6. PropositionalLogic.
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Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Truth Functions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Propositions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Arguments. Exercise. Indirect Truth
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Tables. Exercise. Argument Forms and Fallacies. Exercise.
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7. NaturalDeductionin Propositional Logic.
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Rules ofImplication I.Exercise. RulesoofImplication II.Exercise.Rulesof Replacement I. Exercise.Rules of ReplacementoII.Exercise.ConditionalP roof.
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Exercise. Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Logical Truths. Exercise.
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8. Predicate Logic.
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Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Using the Rules of Inference. Exercise. Quantifier Negation Rule. Exercise. Conditional and Indirect Proof. Ex ercise.
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Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers. Exercise. Identity. Exercise.
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PartIII:INDUCTIVELOGIC. b b b




9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning.
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Analogical Reasoning. LegalReasoning.Moral Reasoning. Exercise. b b b b b b




10. Causality andMill's Methods.
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,"Cause" and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions. Mill's Five Methods. Mill's Methodsoand Science. Exercise.
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11. Probability.b




Theories of Probability. The Probability Calculus. Exercise.
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12. StatisticalReasoning.
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Evaluating Statistics. Samples. The Meaning of "Average." Dispersion. Graphs and Pictograms. Percentages. Exercise.
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13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
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The Hypothetical Method. Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples from Science. The Proof of Hypotheses. The Tentative Acceptance of Hypoth
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eses.Exercise.
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14. Science and Superstition.
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Distinguishing Between Science and Superstition. Evidentiary Support. Objectivity. Integrity. Abusing Science. Exercise. Answers
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toSelectedExercises.
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, Chapter 1 Test A
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
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INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments and b b b b b b b b b b




identifyingconclusions. Select thebest answerfor each.
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1. Thereappearstobeagrowinghappiness gap betweenmen andwomen. Womentodayareworking more
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and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typical woman spent 40
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minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity considered unpleasant.Today,with
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menworkingless,thegapis90minutes andgrowing.
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a. Argument;conclusion:Today ...thegapis 90minutes andgrowing. b b b b b b b b b b




b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant. b b b b b b b b b




d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women. b b b b b b b b b b




e. Argument;conclusion: Womentoday areworkingmoreandrelaxingless. b b b b b b b b b




ANS: D b

PTS: 2 b




2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly becauseit preferentially replaces other metals in
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biochemical reactions. In so doing itointerferes with the proteins thatoregulate blood pressure (which can
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cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme production (whichcanleadto
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anemia),andspermproduction.Leadalsodisplaces calciuminthereactionsthat transmitoelectrical
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impulses inthe brain,owhichdiminishesthe abilitytothink andrecallinformation.
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Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" b b b b b b




a. Argument; conclusion: Itointerferes withthe proteins ... and spermproduction. b b b b b b b b b




b. Argument;conclusion: Lead istoxic. b b b b




c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: Itopreferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions. b b b b b b b b




e. Argument;conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ...recallinformation. b b b b b b b b




ANS: C b PTS: 2 b




3. Aristotlefocused onclarifyingtheconcept of virtueitself. He arguedthat it was virtuous to choosethe proper
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amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of emotion andaction
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were vices.In all communities there aresome men of practical wisdomwho have the capacity to judge
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wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule" whateverthesituation.
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David Cooper, ValuePluralism and Ethical Choice b b b b b b




a. Argument; conclusion: Inallcommunities ...capacity to judge wisely. b b b b b b b b b




b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. b b b b b b b b b b




c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... thesituation. b b b b b b b b b b




d. Argument; conclusion: Heargued thatit was virtuous ... were vices b b b b b b b b b b




e. Nonargument.
ANS: E b PTS: 2 b




4. Illegalimmigrants paylocalsalestaxes, and many ofthemalso paystate,local,andfederal incometax and
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Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount these merchants pay
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intaxes. Inoaddition,they workforlowsalaries, whichincreasesthe earnings of their employersoandthe
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amount oftaxestheseemployerspay.Thus,itis not correcttosaythatillegal immigrantscontributenothingto
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thecommunitiesinwhichtheylive.
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a. Argument;conclusion: It is not correct tosay ...communities inwhich they live. b b b b b b b b b b b b b




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