BIO 353 Exam 1 Study Guide Questions
With Correct Answers
The |Cell |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Basic |unit |of |life
What |are |the |major |organelles/structures |of |a |basic |eukaryotic |animal |cell? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-
Nucleolus, |nucleus, |nuclear |envelope, |nuclear |pore, |chromatin |(DNA), |mitochondria, |endoplasmic |
reticulum, |golgi |complex, |actin |filaments, |microtubule, |peroxisome, |ribosomes |in |cytosol, |
intermediate |filaments, |lysosome, |vesicles, |centrosome |w/ |pair |of |centrioles, |plasma |membrane, |
extracellular |matrix
What |are |the |three |major |disciplines |that |are |involved |in |studying |cell |biology |- |VERIFIED |
ANSWER✔✔-1. |Bioimaging |- |study |of |cellular |structure |and |organization
2. |Biochemistry |- |study |of |chemical |reactions |of |biomolecules
3. |Molecular |biology/genetics |- |study |of |interactions |and |regulation |b/w |cellular |components |
including |DNA, |RNA, |& |protein |synthesis
What |is |light |microscopy? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Uses |focused |light |& |lenses |to |magnify |a |cell
What |is |the |resolution |limit |of |the |light |microscope? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-0.2 |µm
Define |resolution |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Measure |of |the |smallest |distance |2 |structures |can |be |apart |
& |still |see |them |as |2 |discrete |structures
Define |magnification |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-A |measure |of |the |increase |in |the |diameter |of |the |
structure
What |is |one |of |the |major |advantages |of |the |basic |light |microscope? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Live-cell |
imaging
Describe |how |amplitude |contrast |works |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-It |is |a |form |of |contrast |generated |by |
absorption |of |selective |wavelengths |from |the |visible |light |spectrum
,What |is |required |for |amplitude |contrast |to |work? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Organic |dye |to |color |
specific |regions |of |cells/tissues
Can |the |cells |be |alive |when |using |amplitude |contrast? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-No, |they |have |to |be |
dead
Describe |how |phase |contrast |works |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-It |is |a |form |of |contrast |generated |by |
change |of |phase |as |the |light |travels |through |different |densities |of |transparent |specimen
What |characteristic/behavior |of |light |is |phase |contrast |based |on? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Refraction |
of |light |- |change |in |direction |of |light |determined |by |the |change |in |the |velocity |of |propagation |when |
passing |through |optically |transparent |media |of |different |refractive |indices
Who |developed |phase |contrast? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Fritz |Zernike
Describe |optical |tweezers |and |how |they |can |be |used. |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Instrument |that |uses |a |
focused |laser |beam |to |provide |an |attractive |or |repulsive |force, |depending |on |the |refractive |index |
mismatch |to |physically |hold |and |move |microscopic |objects
Can |the |cells |be |alive |when |using |phase |contrast? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Yes
Describe |the |basic |idea |of |epifluorescence |microscopy |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-The |use |of |a |
fluorescence |microscope |allows |detection |of |specific |proteins |or |other |molecules/ions/organelles |that
|are |made |fluorescent |by |coupling |them |to |a |fluorochrome |marker
Explain |the |steps |involved |in |Indirect |Immuno-fluorescence |Microscopy |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |
Cells/tissues |are |fixed |(killed)
2. |Exposed |to |the |primary |antibody, |the |antibody |binds |only |to |a |specific |protein |it |recognizes
3. |Exposed |to |secondary |antibody, |the |antibody |binds |only |to |the |primary |antibody. |The |secondary |
antibody |is |coupled |to |a |fluorochrome |marker; |thus |location |of |protein |in |cells/tissues |are |
fluorescently |labeled |and |may |be |viewed |w/ |a |fluorescence |microscope
, Are |the |cells |alive |or |dead |for |Indirect |Immuno-fluorescence |microscopy. |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-
Dead
What |is |GFP |and |how |is |it |coupled |to |the |proteins |in |different |cellular |structures? |- |VERIFIED |
ANSWER✔✔-Green |Fluorescent |Protein; |it |is |inserted |into |the |protein
Can |other |colors |of |fluorescent |proteins |be |created? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Yes: |red, |orange, |yellow,
|green, |blue, |purple
Who |are |the |three |scientists |that |are |credited |with |the |discovery |and |development |of |GFP? |- |
VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Osamu |Shimomura, |Martin |Chalfie, |& |Roger |Y. |Tsien
Are |cells |alive |or |dead |when |using |fluorescent |dyes? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Alive
How |much |did |super |resolution |microscopy |increase |the |resolution |of |microscopy? |- |VERIFIED |
ANSWER✔✔-Increased |from |200 |nm |to |60 |nm
What |is |confocal |epifluorescence |microscopy? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Uses |a |pinhole |to |block |out |of |
focus |light |in |image |formation
What |are |the |three |major |advantages |of |confocal |epifluorescence |microscopy? |- |VERIFIED |
ANSWER✔✔-1. |Increased |clarity |& |resolution |of |images
2. |Able |to |see |in |3-D
3. |Gets |rid |of |out |of |focus |plane
What |is |Electron |Microscopy |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Numerous |techniques |for |tissue |preparation |
and |tissue |analysis
Describe |TEM |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-It |uses |a |vacuum; |the |lenses |are |magnets |that |we |can |control |
which |creates |the |focus; |there |is |a |fluorescent |screen |& |when |an |electron |hits |it, |a |photon |is |emitted
|b/c |we |can |see |photons |and |not |electrons
With Correct Answers
The |Cell |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Basic |unit |of |life
What |are |the |major |organelles/structures |of |a |basic |eukaryotic |animal |cell? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-
Nucleolus, |nucleus, |nuclear |envelope, |nuclear |pore, |chromatin |(DNA), |mitochondria, |endoplasmic |
reticulum, |golgi |complex, |actin |filaments, |microtubule, |peroxisome, |ribosomes |in |cytosol, |
intermediate |filaments, |lysosome, |vesicles, |centrosome |w/ |pair |of |centrioles, |plasma |membrane, |
extracellular |matrix
What |are |the |three |major |disciplines |that |are |involved |in |studying |cell |biology |- |VERIFIED |
ANSWER✔✔-1. |Bioimaging |- |study |of |cellular |structure |and |organization
2. |Biochemistry |- |study |of |chemical |reactions |of |biomolecules
3. |Molecular |biology/genetics |- |study |of |interactions |and |regulation |b/w |cellular |components |
including |DNA, |RNA, |& |protein |synthesis
What |is |light |microscopy? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Uses |focused |light |& |lenses |to |magnify |a |cell
What |is |the |resolution |limit |of |the |light |microscope? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-0.2 |µm
Define |resolution |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Measure |of |the |smallest |distance |2 |structures |can |be |apart |
& |still |see |them |as |2 |discrete |structures
Define |magnification |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-A |measure |of |the |increase |in |the |diameter |of |the |
structure
What |is |one |of |the |major |advantages |of |the |basic |light |microscope? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Live-cell |
imaging
Describe |how |amplitude |contrast |works |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-It |is |a |form |of |contrast |generated |by |
absorption |of |selective |wavelengths |from |the |visible |light |spectrum
,What |is |required |for |amplitude |contrast |to |work? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Organic |dye |to |color |
specific |regions |of |cells/tissues
Can |the |cells |be |alive |when |using |amplitude |contrast? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-No, |they |have |to |be |
dead
Describe |how |phase |contrast |works |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-It |is |a |form |of |contrast |generated |by |
change |of |phase |as |the |light |travels |through |different |densities |of |transparent |specimen
What |characteristic/behavior |of |light |is |phase |contrast |based |on? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Refraction |
of |light |- |change |in |direction |of |light |determined |by |the |change |in |the |velocity |of |propagation |when |
passing |through |optically |transparent |media |of |different |refractive |indices
Who |developed |phase |contrast? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Fritz |Zernike
Describe |optical |tweezers |and |how |they |can |be |used. |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Instrument |that |uses |a |
focused |laser |beam |to |provide |an |attractive |or |repulsive |force, |depending |on |the |refractive |index |
mismatch |to |physically |hold |and |move |microscopic |objects
Can |the |cells |be |alive |when |using |phase |contrast? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Yes
Describe |the |basic |idea |of |epifluorescence |microscopy |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-The |use |of |a |
fluorescence |microscope |allows |detection |of |specific |proteins |or |other |molecules/ions/organelles |that
|are |made |fluorescent |by |coupling |them |to |a |fluorochrome |marker
Explain |the |steps |involved |in |Indirect |Immuno-fluorescence |Microscopy |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |
Cells/tissues |are |fixed |(killed)
2. |Exposed |to |the |primary |antibody, |the |antibody |binds |only |to |a |specific |protein |it |recognizes
3. |Exposed |to |secondary |antibody, |the |antibody |binds |only |to |the |primary |antibody. |The |secondary |
antibody |is |coupled |to |a |fluorochrome |marker; |thus |location |of |protein |in |cells/tissues |are |
fluorescently |labeled |and |may |be |viewed |w/ |a |fluorescence |microscope
, Are |the |cells |alive |or |dead |for |Indirect |Immuno-fluorescence |microscopy. |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-
Dead
What |is |GFP |and |how |is |it |coupled |to |the |proteins |in |different |cellular |structures? |- |VERIFIED |
ANSWER✔✔-Green |Fluorescent |Protein; |it |is |inserted |into |the |protein
Can |other |colors |of |fluorescent |proteins |be |created? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Yes: |red, |orange, |yellow,
|green, |blue, |purple
Who |are |the |three |scientists |that |are |credited |with |the |discovery |and |development |of |GFP? |- |
VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Osamu |Shimomura, |Martin |Chalfie, |& |Roger |Y. |Tsien
Are |cells |alive |or |dead |when |using |fluorescent |dyes? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Alive
How |much |did |super |resolution |microscopy |increase |the |resolution |of |microscopy? |- |VERIFIED |
ANSWER✔✔-Increased |from |200 |nm |to |60 |nm
What |is |confocal |epifluorescence |microscopy? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Uses |a |pinhole |to |block |out |of |
focus |light |in |image |formation
What |are |the |three |major |advantages |of |confocal |epifluorescence |microscopy? |- |VERIFIED |
ANSWER✔✔-1. |Increased |clarity |& |resolution |of |images
2. |Able |to |see |in |3-D
3. |Gets |rid |of |out |of |focus |plane
What |is |Electron |Microscopy |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Numerous |techniques |for |tissue |preparation |
and |tissue |analysis
Describe |TEM |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-It |uses |a |vacuum; |the |lenses |are |magnets |that |we |can |control |
which |creates |the |focus; |there |is |a |fluorescent |screen |& |when |an |electron |hits |it, |a |photon |is |emitted
|b/c |we |can |see |photons |and |not |electrons
