Advanced Pathophysiology FINAL EXAM 2024
GRADED A
Rheumatic fever - CORRECT ANSWER an inflammatory disease that is associated
with recent streptococcal infection and causes inflammation of the joints, fever, jerky
movements, nodules under the skin, and skin rash and often is followed by serious
heart damage or disease secondary to antibodies that react both with streptococcal
antigens and with those of the heart valve.
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) - CORRECT ANSWER sequela to rheumatic fever
in which heart valves are repeatedly inflamed, developing fibrosis and thickening that
can result in valve deformities, stenosis, or regurgitation.
Rheumatoid arthritis - CORRECT ANSWER an autoimmune disease that causes
chronic inflammation of the joints and the tissue around the joints and other organs.
Rickets - CORRECT ANSWER a bone disease that is caused by a deficiency of
vitamin D or calcium and manifests in children as softening of bones, abnormal growth
of bones, and enlargement of cartilage at the ends of long bones.
Ringed sideroblast - CORRECT ANSWER an erythroblast in which one-third or
more of the nucleus is encircled by 10 or more siderotic granules that may be caused by
antituberculous drugs and alcohol abuse.
Roseola - CORRECT ANSWER a viral disease in infants and young children that
causes fever and a spotty rash that appears shortly after the fever has subsided.
Rotavirus - CORRECT ANSWER a viral infection seen in young children that
causes diarrhea by attacking the lining of the small intestine, resulting in the inability to
absorb fluid and electrolytes.
Rubella - CORRECT ANSWER an infectious viral disease of children and young
adults that is spread by a droplet spray from the respiratory tract of an infected
individual; the disease causes a rash that lasts about 3 days with tender and swollen
lymph nodes behind the ears.
Rubeola - CORRECT ANSWER an infectious viral disease of young children, also
known as measles, that is spread by a droplet spray from the nose, mouth, and throat of
individuals in the infective stage and causes a rash, white spots in the mouth, a rash on
the face that spreads to the rest of the body, and fever.
,Russell-Silver syndrome (Russell-Silver dwarfism) - CORRECT ANSWER a growth
disorder manifesting as retardation, proportionate short stature, leg length discrepancy,
and a small, triangular-shaped face.
Saccular aneurysm (berry aneurysm) - CORRECT ANSWER a localized,
progressively growing sac that affects only a portion of the circumference of the arterial
wall and may be the result of congenital anomalies or degeneration.
Saccular bronchiectasis (see Bronchiectasis) - CORRECT ANSWER
bronchiectasis resulting in dilated bronchi that become balloon-like.
Salmon patches (nevus simplex) - CORRECT ANSWER patches, also known as
stork bites, of small, pink, flat spots that are small, dilated blood vessels visible through
the skin and are usually found on the forehead, eyelids, and upper lip; between the
eyebrows; and on the back of the neck.
Salpingitis - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of one of the two fallopian tubes
caused by infection spreading from the vagina or uterus.
Sarcoma - CORRECT ANSWER tumor of the connective tissue cells.
Sarcopenia - CORRECT ANSWER age-related loss in skeletal muscle, which is a
direct cause of the age-related decrease in muscle strength.
Scabies - CORRECT ANSWER skin infestation with the itch mite, Sarcoptes
scabiei, acquired through close contact with an infected person or contaminated
clothing that produces intense itching.
Schizophrenia - CORRECT ANSWER a psychotic disorder characterized by
delusions, hallucinations, loosening of associations, disturbances in mood and sense of
self and relationship to the external world, and bizarre, purposeless behavior.
Sclerosing adenosis - CORRECT ANSWER a condition in which the number of
acini per terminal duct is more than twice the number of normal terminal ducts and is
associated with a significantly increased risk of subsequent breast carcinoma.
Scoliosis - CORRECT ANSWER a condition in which the spine is curved sideways
to varying degrees; occurs because of either physiologic curvature or functional
curvature in which contraction of the paraspinal muscles of the back creates a vertebral
curve.
Seborrheic dermatitis - CORRECT ANSWER scaly, flaky, itchy, and red skin on the
scalp, face, and trunk because of a yeast infection.
,Seborrheic keratosis - CORRECT ANSWER a benign proliferation of cutaneous
basal cells that produces smooth or warty elevated lesions; seen primarily in older
people and presents as multiple lesions on the chest, back, and face.
Secondary amenorrhea - CORRECT ANSWER menstruation begins at puberty but
then is subsequently suppressed for three or more cycles or for 6 months in women
who previously menstruated.
Secondary dysmenorrhea - CORRECT ANSWER altered menstruation because of
inflammation, infection, tumor, or anatomic factors.
Secondary generalization - CORRECT ANSWER the process by which a simple
partial seizure involving one hemisphere becomes a generalized seizure involving the
second hemisphere.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER a condition of elevated
levels of parathyroid hormone resulting from disease such as renal failure in which
parathyroid hormone concentration is elevated in response to vitamin D deficiency.
Secondary hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER a condition of elevated blood
pressure that is associated with other conditions, primarily with renal disease by a renin-
dependent mechanism or a fluid volume-dependent mechanism.
Secondary hypothermia - CORRECT ANSWER depressed body temperature as a
consequence of a serious systemic disorder, for example, endocrine disorders.
Secondary (acquired) immune deficiency - CORRECT ANSWER see Immune
deficiency.
Secondary MODS - CORRECT ANSWER the result of an excessive inflammatory
reaction, after a latent period following the initial injury, in organs distant from the site of
the original injury. It is postulated that the resulting organ trauma is caused by the host
response to a second insult rather than being a direct result of the primary injury.
Secondary (traumatic) pneumothorax - CORRECT ANSWER see Pneumothorax.
Secondary septic arthritis - CORRECT ANSWER a bacterial infection in the joints,
causing them to become inflamed and the bacteria to proliferate.
Secondary syphilis - CORRECT ANSWER the most contagious stage of syphilis
infection; characterized by a skin rash that appears on the trunk and extremities 1 to 6
months after the primary infection and possibly mucous patches on the genitals or
inside the mouth.
, Selective IgA deficiency - CORRECT ANSWER see Immune deficiency.
Sepsis - CORRECT ANSWER severe physiologic stress typically caused by an
infection; its complications result from activation of biochemical and physiologic
cascades that lead to the formation or activation of cytokines and other mediators that
produce vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, maldistribution of blood flow, and
cardiovascular and cellular dysfunction.
Septic shock - CORRECT ANSWER a condition caused by systemic infection that
results in decreased tissue perfusion and oxygenation and can lead to multiple organ
dysfunction syndrome and death.
Serum sickness - CORRECT ANSWER a form of hypersensitivity caused by
injection of soluble antigen such as antiserum, which activates a type III hypersensitivity
response (formation of soluble circulating antigen-antibody [IgG or IgM] complexes) that
activates the complement system.
Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) - CORRECT ANSWER see Immune
deficiency.
Severe congenital neutropenia - CORRECT ANSWER see Immune deficiency.
Shock - CORRECT ANSWER a condition in which the circulatory system is unable
to provide adequate circulation to the body tissues because of inadequate pumping by
the heart, a reduction in blood volume, or a reduction in blood pressure; it results in
slowing of vital functions and possibly death.
Short bowel syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER a group of malabsorption conditions
resulting from massive resection of the small bowel, the degree and kind of
malabsorption depending on the site and extent of the resection; it is characterized by
diarrhea, steatorrhea, and malnutrition.
Sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER see Anemia.
Sickle cell disease (SCD) - CORRECT ANSWER see Anemia.
Sickle cell-Hb C disease - CORRECT ANSWER see Anemia.
Sickle cell-thalassemia disease - CORRECT ANSWER see Anemia.
Sickle cell trait - CORRECT ANSWER see Anemia.
Sideroblastic anemia (SA) - CORRECT ANSWER see Anemia.
GRADED A
Rheumatic fever - CORRECT ANSWER an inflammatory disease that is associated
with recent streptococcal infection and causes inflammation of the joints, fever, jerky
movements, nodules under the skin, and skin rash and often is followed by serious
heart damage or disease secondary to antibodies that react both with streptococcal
antigens and with those of the heart valve.
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) - CORRECT ANSWER sequela to rheumatic fever
in which heart valves are repeatedly inflamed, developing fibrosis and thickening that
can result in valve deformities, stenosis, or regurgitation.
Rheumatoid arthritis - CORRECT ANSWER an autoimmune disease that causes
chronic inflammation of the joints and the tissue around the joints and other organs.
Rickets - CORRECT ANSWER a bone disease that is caused by a deficiency of
vitamin D or calcium and manifests in children as softening of bones, abnormal growth
of bones, and enlargement of cartilage at the ends of long bones.
Ringed sideroblast - CORRECT ANSWER an erythroblast in which one-third or
more of the nucleus is encircled by 10 or more siderotic granules that may be caused by
antituberculous drugs and alcohol abuse.
Roseola - CORRECT ANSWER a viral disease in infants and young children that
causes fever and a spotty rash that appears shortly after the fever has subsided.
Rotavirus - CORRECT ANSWER a viral infection seen in young children that
causes diarrhea by attacking the lining of the small intestine, resulting in the inability to
absorb fluid and electrolytes.
Rubella - CORRECT ANSWER an infectious viral disease of children and young
adults that is spread by a droplet spray from the respiratory tract of an infected
individual; the disease causes a rash that lasts about 3 days with tender and swollen
lymph nodes behind the ears.
Rubeola - CORRECT ANSWER an infectious viral disease of young children, also
known as measles, that is spread by a droplet spray from the nose, mouth, and throat of
individuals in the infective stage and causes a rash, white spots in the mouth, a rash on
the face that spreads to the rest of the body, and fever.
,Russell-Silver syndrome (Russell-Silver dwarfism) - CORRECT ANSWER a growth
disorder manifesting as retardation, proportionate short stature, leg length discrepancy,
and a small, triangular-shaped face.
Saccular aneurysm (berry aneurysm) - CORRECT ANSWER a localized,
progressively growing sac that affects only a portion of the circumference of the arterial
wall and may be the result of congenital anomalies or degeneration.
Saccular bronchiectasis (see Bronchiectasis) - CORRECT ANSWER
bronchiectasis resulting in dilated bronchi that become balloon-like.
Salmon patches (nevus simplex) - CORRECT ANSWER patches, also known as
stork bites, of small, pink, flat spots that are small, dilated blood vessels visible through
the skin and are usually found on the forehead, eyelids, and upper lip; between the
eyebrows; and on the back of the neck.
Salpingitis - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of one of the two fallopian tubes
caused by infection spreading from the vagina or uterus.
Sarcoma - CORRECT ANSWER tumor of the connective tissue cells.
Sarcopenia - CORRECT ANSWER age-related loss in skeletal muscle, which is a
direct cause of the age-related decrease in muscle strength.
Scabies - CORRECT ANSWER skin infestation with the itch mite, Sarcoptes
scabiei, acquired through close contact with an infected person or contaminated
clothing that produces intense itching.
Schizophrenia - CORRECT ANSWER a psychotic disorder characterized by
delusions, hallucinations, loosening of associations, disturbances in mood and sense of
self and relationship to the external world, and bizarre, purposeless behavior.
Sclerosing adenosis - CORRECT ANSWER a condition in which the number of
acini per terminal duct is more than twice the number of normal terminal ducts and is
associated with a significantly increased risk of subsequent breast carcinoma.
Scoliosis - CORRECT ANSWER a condition in which the spine is curved sideways
to varying degrees; occurs because of either physiologic curvature or functional
curvature in which contraction of the paraspinal muscles of the back creates a vertebral
curve.
Seborrheic dermatitis - CORRECT ANSWER scaly, flaky, itchy, and red skin on the
scalp, face, and trunk because of a yeast infection.
,Seborrheic keratosis - CORRECT ANSWER a benign proliferation of cutaneous
basal cells that produces smooth or warty elevated lesions; seen primarily in older
people and presents as multiple lesions on the chest, back, and face.
Secondary amenorrhea - CORRECT ANSWER menstruation begins at puberty but
then is subsequently suppressed for three or more cycles or for 6 months in women
who previously menstruated.
Secondary dysmenorrhea - CORRECT ANSWER altered menstruation because of
inflammation, infection, tumor, or anatomic factors.
Secondary generalization - CORRECT ANSWER the process by which a simple
partial seizure involving one hemisphere becomes a generalized seizure involving the
second hemisphere.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER a condition of elevated
levels of parathyroid hormone resulting from disease such as renal failure in which
parathyroid hormone concentration is elevated in response to vitamin D deficiency.
Secondary hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER a condition of elevated blood
pressure that is associated with other conditions, primarily with renal disease by a renin-
dependent mechanism or a fluid volume-dependent mechanism.
Secondary hypothermia - CORRECT ANSWER depressed body temperature as a
consequence of a serious systemic disorder, for example, endocrine disorders.
Secondary (acquired) immune deficiency - CORRECT ANSWER see Immune
deficiency.
Secondary MODS - CORRECT ANSWER the result of an excessive inflammatory
reaction, after a latent period following the initial injury, in organs distant from the site of
the original injury. It is postulated that the resulting organ trauma is caused by the host
response to a second insult rather than being a direct result of the primary injury.
Secondary (traumatic) pneumothorax - CORRECT ANSWER see Pneumothorax.
Secondary septic arthritis - CORRECT ANSWER a bacterial infection in the joints,
causing them to become inflamed and the bacteria to proliferate.
Secondary syphilis - CORRECT ANSWER the most contagious stage of syphilis
infection; characterized by a skin rash that appears on the trunk and extremities 1 to 6
months after the primary infection and possibly mucous patches on the genitals or
inside the mouth.
, Selective IgA deficiency - CORRECT ANSWER see Immune deficiency.
Sepsis - CORRECT ANSWER severe physiologic stress typically caused by an
infection; its complications result from activation of biochemical and physiologic
cascades that lead to the formation or activation of cytokines and other mediators that
produce vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, maldistribution of blood flow, and
cardiovascular and cellular dysfunction.
Septic shock - CORRECT ANSWER a condition caused by systemic infection that
results in decreased tissue perfusion and oxygenation and can lead to multiple organ
dysfunction syndrome and death.
Serum sickness - CORRECT ANSWER a form of hypersensitivity caused by
injection of soluble antigen such as antiserum, which activates a type III hypersensitivity
response (formation of soluble circulating antigen-antibody [IgG or IgM] complexes) that
activates the complement system.
Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) - CORRECT ANSWER see Immune
deficiency.
Severe congenital neutropenia - CORRECT ANSWER see Immune deficiency.
Shock - CORRECT ANSWER a condition in which the circulatory system is unable
to provide adequate circulation to the body tissues because of inadequate pumping by
the heart, a reduction in blood volume, or a reduction in blood pressure; it results in
slowing of vital functions and possibly death.
Short bowel syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER a group of malabsorption conditions
resulting from massive resection of the small bowel, the degree and kind of
malabsorption depending on the site and extent of the resection; it is characterized by
diarrhea, steatorrhea, and malnutrition.
Sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER see Anemia.
Sickle cell disease (SCD) - CORRECT ANSWER see Anemia.
Sickle cell-Hb C disease - CORRECT ANSWER see Anemia.
Sickle cell-thalassemia disease - CORRECT ANSWER see Anemia.
Sickle cell trait - CORRECT ANSWER see Anemia.
Sideroblastic anemia (SA) - CORRECT ANSWER see Anemia.
