NURS 617 Exam 1 - Accurate Answers To All
Questions
A direct result of anaerobic metabolism during hypoxic cell injury is:
a. increased ATP
b. metabolic acidosis
c. tissue ischemia
d. all of the above. Correct Answer - b. metabolic acidosis
Rationale: When oxygen is not available, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism,
which yields an acid called lactate, or lactic acid.
Accumulation of which of the following molecules results in irreversible cell
injury?
a. Calcium
b. Melanin
c. Lipids
d. Water Correct Answer - a. Calcium
Rationale: The accumulation of calcium causes irreversible mitochondrial
injury.
Adaptive cellular mechanisms function to:
a. speed up cellular death.
b. prevent cellular aging.
c. treat disease.
d. protect cells from injury. Correct Answer - d.protect cells from injury.
An individual with damage to the spinal cord may experience atrophy of
which of the following organs?
a. Skeletal muscles
b. Skin
,c. Liver
d. Brain Correct Answer - a. Skeletal muscles
Rationale: Lack of nerve stimulation to skeletal muscles results in muscle
atrophy.
Chronic infection of the cervix by the human papillomavirus results in
cervical:
a. hormonal hyperplasia.
b. atrophy.
c. dysplasia.
d. metaplasia. Correct Answer - c. dysplasia.
Rationale: (Chronic infection or inflammation is a common cause of cervical
dysplasia.)
Ethanol (alcohol) causes cell injury by which of the following mechanisms?
a. Cellular dehydration
b. Intracellular sodium loss
c. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
d. Hypoxic injury Correct Answer - c. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
Rationale: Ethanol metabolism causes lipid accumulation in hepatocytes that
decreases liver function and may result in liver cirrhosis.
In compensatory hyperplasia, growth factors stimulate cell division in
response to:
a. decreased hormonal stimulation.
b. ischemia.
c. tissue loss.
d. puberty. Correct Answer - c. tissue loss.
Rationale: In response to tissue loss, surrounding cells are stimulated to
replace the lost tissue.
In response to an increased workload, such as that caused by high blood
pressure (hypertension), myocardial cells in the left ventricle will adapt
through the process of:
,a. hyperplasia.
b. hypertrophy.
c. atrophy.
d. dysplasia. Correct Answer - b. hypertrophy.
Rationale: In response to the increased workload of hypertension, myocardial
cells will hypertrophy in order to pump harder.
Injury to the endoplasmic reticulum due to hypoxic injury results in:
a. sodium accumulation.
b. a decrease in protein synthesis.
c. the release of enzymes.
d. lactic acid production. Correct Answer - b. a decrease in protein
synthesis.
Rationale: Ribosomes are the primary site for protein synthesis. Hypoxic
injury and cellular swelling result in dilation of the rough endoplasmic
reticulum, causing the ribosomes to detach. Loss of the site for protein
synthesis results in decreased protein production.
Lead poisoning affects nervous system function by which of the following
mechanisms?
a. Lead blocks oxygen delivery to the brain by binding with hemoglobin.
b. Lead interferes with neurotransmitter release.
c. Lead inhibits fatty acid oxidation in the brainstem.
d. Lead causes nervous tissue necrosis. Correct Answer - b. Lead
interferes with neurotransmitter release.
Lysosomal rupture during hypoxic injury leads to:
a. autodigestion of cells.
b. cellular acidosis.
c. sodium influx.
d. cellular adaptation Correct Answer - a. autodigestion of cells.
, Rationale: Lysosomal enzyme release during hypoxic injury causes
autodigestion of cells.
Metaplasia involves the replacement of normal cells by:
a. cancer cells.
b. scar tissue.
c. abnormal cells of the same tissue type.
d. another type of cell. Correct Answer - d.another type of cell.
Rationale: Metaplasia is the replacement of normal cells by another type of
cell.
Other than the liver, which of the following organs is most frequently affected
by ethanol injury?
a. Kidneys
b. Heart
c. Stomach
d. Brain Correct Answer - d. Brain
Rationale: Alcohol directly affects the cells in the liver and the brain.
The major mechanism of injury in drowning is:
a. hypoxemia.
b. absorption of fluid from the lungs.
c. electrolyte imbalances.
d. free radical injury. Correct Answer - a. hypoxemia.
The most common cause of hypoxic injury is:
a. chemical toxicity.
b. free radicals.
c. malnutrition.
d. ischemia. Correct Answer - d. ischemia.
Questions
A direct result of anaerobic metabolism during hypoxic cell injury is:
a. increased ATP
b. metabolic acidosis
c. tissue ischemia
d. all of the above. Correct Answer - b. metabolic acidosis
Rationale: When oxygen is not available, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism,
which yields an acid called lactate, or lactic acid.
Accumulation of which of the following molecules results in irreversible cell
injury?
a. Calcium
b. Melanin
c. Lipids
d. Water Correct Answer - a. Calcium
Rationale: The accumulation of calcium causes irreversible mitochondrial
injury.
Adaptive cellular mechanisms function to:
a. speed up cellular death.
b. prevent cellular aging.
c. treat disease.
d. protect cells from injury. Correct Answer - d.protect cells from injury.
An individual with damage to the spinal cord may experience atrophy of
which of the following organs?
a. Skeletal muscles
b. Skin
,c. Liver
d. Brain Correct Answer - a. Skeletal muscles
Rationale: Lack of nerve stimulation to skeletal muscles results in muscle
atrophy.
Chronic infection of the cervix by the human papillomavirus results in
cervical:
a. hormonal hyperplasia.
b. atrophy.
c. dysplasia.
d. metaplasia. Correct Answer - c. dysplasia.
Rationale: (Chronic infection or inflammation is a common cause of cervical
dysplasia.)
Ethanol (alcohol) causes cell injury by which of the following mechanisms?
a. Cellular dehydration
b. Intracellular sodium loss
c. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
d. Hypoxic injury Correct Answer - c. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
Rationale: Ethanol metabolism causes lipid accumulation in hepatocytes that
decreases liver function and may result in liver cirrhosis.
In compensatory hyperplasia, growth factors stimulate cell division in
response to:
a. decreased hormonal stimulation.
b. ischemia.
c. tissue loss.
d. puberty. Correct Answer - c. tissue loss.
Rationale: In response to tissue loss, surrounding cells are stimulated to
replace the lost tissue.
In response to an increased workload, such as that caused by high blood
pressure (hypertension), myocardial cells in the left ventricle will adapt
through the process of:
,a. hyperplasia.
b. hypertrophy.
c. atrophy.
d. dysplasia. Correct Answer - b. hypertrophy.
Rationale: In response to the increased workload of hypertension, myocardial
cells will hypertrophy in order to pump harder.
Injury to the endoplasmic reticulum due to hypoxic injury results in:
a. sodium accumulation.
b. a decrease in protein synthesis.
c. the release of enzymes.
d. lactic acid production. Correct Answer - b. a decrease in protein
synthesis.
Rationale: Ribosomes are the primary site for protein synthesis. Hypoxic
injury and cellular swelling result in dilation of the rough endoplasmic
reticulum, causing the ribosomes to detach. Loss of the site for protein
synthesis results in decreased protein production.
Lead poisoning affects nervous system function by which of the following
mechanisms?
a. Lead blocks oxygen delivery to the brain by binding with hemoglobin.
b. Lead interferes with neurotransmitter release.
c. Lead inhibits fatty acid oxidation in the brainstem.
d. Lead causes nervous tissue necrosis. Correct Answer - b. Lead
interferes with neurotransmitter release.
Lysosomal rupture during hypoxic injury leads to:
a. autodigestion of cells.
b. cellular acidosis.
c. sodium influx.
d. cellular adaptation Correct Answer - a. autodigestion of cells.
, Rationale: Lysosomal enzyme release during hypoxic injury causes
autodigestion of cells.
Metaplasia involves the replacement of normal cells by:
a. cancer cells.
b. scar tissue.
c. abnormal cells of the same tissue type.
d. another type of cell. Correct Answer - d.another type of cell.
Rationale: Metaplasia is the replacement of normal cells by another type of
cell.
Other than the liver, which of the following organs is most frequently affected
by ethanol injury?
a. Kidneys
b. Heart
c. Stomach
d. Brain Correct Answer - d. Brain
Rationale: Alcohol directly affects the cells in the liver and the brain.
The major mechanism of injury in drowning is:
a. hypoxemia.
b. absorption of fluid from the lungs.
c. electrolyte imbalances.
d. free radical injury. Correct Answer - a. hypoxemia.
The most common cause of hypoxic injury is:
a. chemical toxicity.
b. free radicals.
c. malnutrition.
d. ischemia. Correct Answer - d. ischemia.
