United States University

Ischemia - Inadequate blood supply to an organ, especially the heart muscles, leading to tissue damage ATP - Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that provides energy for cellular processes NaCl - Sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt and essential for various physiological functions Free radicals - Highly reactive molecules that can cause cellular damage and contribute to the development of diseases Cardiovascular disease - A range of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, ...

During ischemia, what effect does the loss of ATP level have on cells? Cells swell because of the influx of NaCl Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which disease? Cardiovascular disease such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease The kind of genetic mutation that results in the change of an amino acid sequence in the protein sequence is described as a Missense mutation An example of physiologic atrophy is Thymus gland changes during childhood Which o...

Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells? a. Hyperplasia b. Metaplasia c. Dysplasia d. Anaplasia - B. Metaplasia The loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia causes cells to: a. Shrink because of the influx of calcium (Ca). b. Shrink because of the influx of potassium chloride (KCl). c. Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl). d. Swe...

Respiratory zone - respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli What does the Respiratory Zone do? - Allow inhaled oxygen to diffuse into the lung capillaries in exchange for CO2 Conducting Zone - nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles What does conducting zone do? - conducts air to respiratory zone, humidifies, warms, and filters air Most common cancer mutation? - Acquired What does anticholinergic mean? - blockade of muscarinic receptors - This inhibits nerve impulses re...

A collection of undifferentiated cells discovered in a biopsy is likely indicative of what condition? - Malignant tumor A patient recently diagnosed with a malignant tumor visits the specialist to discuss the TNM staging. What information will the TNM provide? - The size of the tumor, lymph node involvement, and any metastasis that has occurred A test that is positive for alpha-fetoprotein indicates a tumor arising in which organ? - Liver What type of gene is the retinoblastoma (Rb-1) gene? -...

When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no significant complications, the process of returning the cells to preinjury function is referred to as: - Resolution Newborns often have deficiencies in collectin-like proteins, making them more susceptible to what type of infection? a. Cardiac c. Respiratory b. Urinary d. Gastrointestinal - Respiratory purpose of the inflammatory process - If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and systemic response (i...

Nephrotic syndrome - characterized by massive proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune response that is noninflammatory. Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis). Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental -...

When a child inherits a disease that is autosomal recessive, it is inherited from whom? A. father B. mother C. both parents D. grandparent - C. both parents A patient has a serum sodium level of 165 mEq/L. The healthcare professional explains that the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma are caused by what mechanism? A. high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink. B. h...

When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no significant complications, the process of returning the cells to preinjury function is referred to as: - Resolution Newborns often have deficiencies in collectin-like proteins, making them more susceptible to what type of infection? a. Cardiac c. Respiratory b. Urinary d. Gastrointestinal - Respiratory purpose of the inflammatory process - If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and systemic response (i...

A collection of undifferentiated cells discovered in a biopsy is likely indicative of what condition? - Malignant tumor A patient recently diagnosed with a malignant tumor visits the specialist to discuss the TNM staging. What information will the TNM provide? - The size of the tumor, lymph node involvement, and any metastasis that has occurred A test that is positive for alpha-fetoprotein indicates a tumor arising in which organ? - Liver What type of gene is the retinoblastoma (Rb-1) gene? -...