- Guías de estudio, Notas de estudios & Resúmenes

A drug is designed to treat anxiety. In which phase of the clinical trials process is its effectiveness compared to a placebo in a population of those with anxiety disorders? Phase II Before a drug that is designed to treat anxiety can be marketed, its effectiveness is compared to alprazolam (a commonly-used treatment for anxiety disorders) in a sample of patients who have an anxiety disorder. Which clinical trial phase is this? Phase lll Which of the following p-values would typically be cons...

A natural ligand (neurotransmitter) causes sodium leak channels to open, allowing more sodium to pass through than the small amount that occurs without neurotransmitter binding. A drug causes these sodium channels too close entirely. What could the drug be classified as Inverse agonist - this case represents an antagonist-like activity, but more severe than an antagonist A natural ligand (neurotransmitter) causes sodium leak channels to open, allowing more sodium to pass through than the small ...

Why do certain things give us pleasure? -natural rewards -drive states (seeking out to reverse disequilibrium --> hunger, thirst, lust, well-studied examples of motivation) -thought that all drug use, if excessive, didn't want to stop to avoid unpleasantness of withdrawal --> but really psychological feeling of reward Goal of organisms survive and reproduce (anything that promotes that level of fitness provides that reward = food, sex) ISS in rats Olds and Milner -rats press lever --&gt...

Pharmacodynamics The study of what the drug does to the body -drug receptor interactions After drugs bind to receptor sites they can... induce or block alterations of shape Agonism the drug mimics the effects of neurotransmitter Antagonism the drug prevents action that would normally be carried out when a drug binds to a receptor inverse agonism binds to the inactive form of a receptor and shifts the equilibrium so that the opposite response to an agonist is produced (from baseline)...

Benzodiazepines we are seeing a big increase in the number of deaths due to this class of drugs. These drugs can be used to treat pain but still have similar concerns to opioids (addictive, cannot mix with alcohol, can lead to respiratory depression) Back pain and chronic pain what are two types of pain that benzos are often used to treat? Fear this phenomenon happens for a limited duration and is caused by a clearly identifiable stimulus (stimulus specific). It is an adaptive response that i...

What was the initial use of cocaine? Indigenous South American use Coca leaf Chewed What was the initial use of cocaine in the Western Cultures? Local anesthetic Injection local for injury Topical anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, nerve blocks (until Novacane was developed) What kind of drug is cocaine? Psychostimulant What is a psychostimulant? drug that exerts behavioral effects by augmenting the action of the monoamine neurotransmitters, the most important DOPAMINE Daily dose of cocaine ...

Why are barbiturates considered to be more toxic than benzodiazepines? Barbiturates bind to a separate protein that activates the GABA receptor to facilitate the influx of chloride ions. Benzodiazepines bind separate protein that activates the GABA receptor to facilitate the influx of chloride ions. Barbiturates act directly on the GABA receptor to open the chloride ion channel. Benzodiazepines act directly on the GABA receptor to open the chloride ion channel. Barbiturates act directly on t...

Hypothesis testing Scientific method to test associations Research, question, hypothesize, test p-values Due to bias, confounds, and unknown factors, even statistically significant results might lead to inaccurate inferences about causality Correlation doesn't imply ___________ causation Hypothesized relationship (____________) between A and B correlation Reverse causation: B causes A Bidirectional causation: A causes B and B causes A Common causal variable: C causes A and B Indirect (m...

T/F: The combination of energy drink with alcohol (four loco) enhanced the feelings of stimulation in participants but did NOT change the level of impairment for impulsive behavior True What process produces ethanol as a waste product? Fermentation Beer is fermented from _________ Wine is fermented from _________ cider from _______ barley grain grapes apples What process produces drinks with higher alcohol content that began in the 12th century? Distillation Describe the difference between A...

CNS vs PNS central nervous system-consists of your brain and spinal cord-the brain communicates with the muscles in creating a plan to accomplish the movement-spinal cord acts as a conduct that carries motor information from the brain to the body and sensory information from the body to the brainperipheral nervous system-made up of all of the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with the rest of the body-sending motor signals-extend from the spinal cord to the muscle and stimulate it to...