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Why does it take time for an infant to select a primary caregiver?
Why does it take time for an infant to select a primary caregiver?
Evolutionary vision: when the mother dies short after birth, it is not good for the child if it was immediately attached to her and then loses her.
How did Johnson et al investigated if infants have internal working models?
How did Johnson et al investigated if infants have internal working models?
They showed 3 films with a 'child-circle' and a 'mother-circle'
Habituation event = separation
Test events =
1. responsive caregiver --> mother goes back to child
2. unresponsive caregiver --> mother goes higher, not to child
Results = secure infants looks significantly longer to unresponsive caregiver and insecure infants longer to responsive caregiver
Explanation = the infants didn't expected that behavior from the mother, they were not familiar with that behavior, were surprised and looked therefore longer
What is the AAI?
What is the AAI?
AAI = Adult Attachment Interview
It is a semi-structured interview to find the attachment representation in adults.
Main points are:
1. Expectations about intimate and caring relationships
2. Determine sensitive parenting interaction with their children
What are the 3 stages of response of the infant to separation with the attachment figure?
What are the 3 stages of response of the infant to separation with the attachment figure?
1. Protest = crying, screaming, throwing temper tantrums as they search for their caregivers
2. Despair = movements of child declines and they fall silent
3. Detachment = when not reunited with caregivers --> infant begins to resume normal activity without caregiver, learning to behave in an independent and self-reliant manner
Besides the 3 different parental strategies, what are 3 evolutionary explanations of attachment and reproduction?
Besides the 3 different parental strategies, what are 3 evolutionary explanations of attachment and ...
1. Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness = response to specific environments, tactics were evolved to improve reproductive fitness
2. Paren-offspring Conflict = amount of investment wanted by the infant is higher than the parents choose to give
3. Life History Theory = reflects the investment choices that individuals have during their life that influence the reproductive fitness
What was the conclusion from the Masai study to difficult temperament?
(DeVries et al., 1984)
What was the conclusion from the Masai study to difficult temperament?
(DeVries et al., 1984)
The environment of Masai was very dry --> cows died --> no milk --> less feeding for infants
Of the 6 infants with a difficult temperament: 1 died
Of the 7 infants with a easy temperament: 6 died
Infant is difficult --> more crying --> gets more attention --> helps with survival
What are the differences between Attachment and Amae?
What are the differences between Attachment and Amae?
Attachment is mostly visible when there is distress
Amae any time when there is desire/motivation
Attachment is universal product of natural selection
Amae is intricately linked to social roles
Amae has negative connotations
What is the original name of the 'love hormone'?
What is the original name of the 'love hormone'?
Oxytocin
