Inhoudsopgave
Lectures & Literature Migrants & Integration........................................................................................1
Week 1................................................................................................................................................1
Lecture 1, February 17th 2021........................................................................................................1
Literature........................................................................................................................................7
Week 2..............................................................................................................................................15
Lecture 2, February 24th 2021......................................................................................................15
Literature......................................................................................................................................19
Lecture 3, March 3rd 2021...........................................................................................................25
Literature......................................................................................................................................30
Week 4..............................................................................................................................................40
Lecture 4, March 10th 2021..........................................................................................................40
Literature......................................................................................................................................44
Week 5..............................................................................................................................................50
Lecture 5, March 17th 2021..........................................................................................................50
Literature......................................................................................................................................56
Week 6..............................................................................................................................................62
Lecture 6, 24th march 2021..........................................................................................................62
Literature......................................................................................................................................65
Week 7..............................................................................................................................................75
Lecture 7, 31st March 2021...........................................................................................................75
Literature......................................................................................................................................77
Week 1
Lecture 1, February 17th 2021
International migration=
1
, - A movement across international boundaries which constitute a change of residence
- For purpose of international comparison permanent and long-term immigrants should
include both citizen and foreign nationals intending to stay for more than a year.
- International Organization for Migration (IOM) defines immigration as a process by which
non-nationals move into a country for the purpose of settlement.
Refugees and asylum seekers
- Refugees; fleeing their home country to save their lives and who have been accepted and
recognized as such in their host country
- Asylum seekers are people who make a formal request for asylum in another country
because they fear their life is at risk in their country of origin
- Rejected asylum seekers are not able to return to country of origin
You can also ask for asylum with the UN:
- 1951 UN convention their definition: refugee: a person outside his or her country and “owing
to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality or political
opinion”
- 2016 New York Declaration for refugees and migrants (important to distinguish “refugees”
from “migrants”)
Various dichotomies in labeling migrants:
- Voluntary versus forced migrants (due to threats to life, war, natural disasters)
- Self-supported (can pay for themselves) versus smuggled (third party helps them, often
illegal)
- Documented (with visas, legitimate reasons) versus undocumented (or unauthorized)
- Orderly (legal process) versus irregular (or illegal)
For example: you can be a documented illegal immigrant.
Concerns labelling/use of types/dichotomies
- Different definitions/interpretations in different countries: difficult to compare them
2
, - Labels do not fit complex (changing) realities (e.g. same person may be classifies as a refugee
and family or labor migrant)
- Some labels/types have a negative connotation in some contexts (which may hinder
integration and disacknowledge individual characteristics)
From various countries of origin
- Nowadays immigrants from many different countries of origin in many countries of
destination, which makes it complex
- More diversity in terms of nationalities, ethnic groups, cultures, religious denominations
- And differences in time of arrival: some immigrant groups have a relatively longer history in
country of destination due to some special circumstances such as decolonization, war,
recruitment of guest workers and international treaties (e.g. EU).
What were/are main migration routes?
Actual trends in migration to the NL since 2000
- Family migration is the main type in numerical terms
- Asylum migration volume fluctuated considerably
o Reduced to less than one third between 2000 and 2009
o Increased to all time record in 2014 and 2015
- Strong increase in labor migration (mainly from EU
- Strong increase in international students
- Sometimes difficult to compare stocks or flow across countries: different definitions (e.g.
foreign-born and foreign nationals, way of data-collection (e.g. census and registration data)
- Illegal/irregular immigrants are not included in official data sources
- Mainly “Western” countries (OECD) collect migration data in a systematic way (allowing
cross-national comparisons)
3
, - Only a few (comparative) survey studies focus on explanatory factors. These studies often
measure intention to migrate and not actual migration (these 2 are not necessarily
correlated)
Theories on migration patterns
Explanations at different levels of analysis:
- Micro-level: characteristics of individuals
- Meso-level: characteristics of migrant networks or household
- Macro-level: characteristics of countries (push factors in country of origin, pull factors in
country of destination)
5 main theories:
1. Neo-classical economics theory
Main assumptions:
People are rational
Individuals move to where they will get the most gain
This is an investment in human capital (training, education, skills one possess)
Some recent studies apply a newer version of this theory include a broader range of push-
and pull factors (e.g. weather, nature)
Micro-level: cost-benefit analysis
Main explanatory variables:
Expected income (differential)
Likelihood of employment
2. New economics theory
Main assumptions:
Migration decisions are taken by larger units of people (e.g. families, households,
communities) in order to minimize risk of household income
Focus on country of origin
Notion of relative deprivation (i.e. reference groups is other families/communities in
country of origin)
Main explanatory variables:
Low/no access to capital (i.e. deficiency of insurance, credit, and consumer market)
Lack of social security
High transaction costs (e.g. interest rates)
3. Segmented labor market theory
Main assumptions:
4
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