SOCIALCHANGEAND
INEQUALITYINEUROPE
2018-2019
SOCIALSCIENCES PROF.VERHAEGHE
D.L.Y.
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1.MIGRATIONHISTORYOFEUROPE
1.MIGRATIONINTHEAFTERMATHOFDECOLONIZATION
● Decolonizationprocessstartedduringtheinterbellum,enforcedafterWWIIandtheColdWar
● Metropoles:Britain,France,Italy,Belgium,Netherlands,Portugal
○ Mostimportantcolonies:
■ Britain:India,SouthAfrica, ■ Belgium:Congo
Kenya ■ Netherlands:Indonesia,CaribbeanIslands,
■ France:Algeria Suriname
■ Italy:Ethiopia,Libya ■ Portugal:Angola,Mozambique,CapeVerde
○ Whywasn’tGermanyacolonialpower?
■ Bismarckdiplomacy(1870-1890):wanttobeago-in-between,arulerofthegame
● Euro-colonialmigration=afterdecolonizationmanyEuropeansettlers,militarytroops,…
(Europeanorigin!)
camebacktoEurope
○ E.g.India:BritishtroopshadtocomebackafterIndiagainedindependence
● Colonialmigration= locals-auxiliarytroopsforexample-workingforcolonialpowerswhoare
persecuted/discriminatedagainstafterdecolonizationprocessandthereforefleetoEuropeshortlyafterthe
independency
○ E.g.Netherlands:hijackedtrainbyMolukaus(ethnicIndonesiangroup,importantmigrationgroupin
Netherlands)
○ E.g.France:HarkislocalsfromAlgeriaworkinginfavouroftheFrance,fledtoFranceafterthe
independence
● Post-colonialmigration=everymigrationrelatedthingthathappenedafewyearsafterindependencyfrom
formercoloniestoformermetropoles,channeledbytheseformercoloniallinks
○ Pushfactors:crisis,conflict
○ Pullfactors:cheaplabourinformermetropoles
● Chainmigration=phenomenonwhenmigrantsarefollowingformermigrantswithanimportantingredient
ofinformationandsocialnetworks
○ Canbeappliedonpost-colonialmigration
○ Butalsoexistentinothermovements(e .g.familymigration)
○ Determinedfromwhichcountriesyou’recomingfromandwhereyouaregoing
■ E.g.firstTurkishmigrantswenttoDE,BE,…sootherTurkishfollowedthem,whichiswhy
therearen’tmanyTurkishmigrantsinSwitzerlandforexample
○ Fromaveryspecificareaincountryoforigintoaveryspecificareaincountryofdestination
■ E.g.RomaniansinBrusselsbutnotinGhent
■ E.g.NepalesecommunitiesinBelgiumonlyinBrugesandLeuven
● Problemsincountriesofdestination?
○ Forpost-colonialmigrants:racistmentalstructuresinheadsofmanyeuropeans,evenif
citizens/commonwealth
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2.LABOURMIGRATION
● Labourmigration(‘50s,‘60s,‘70s)
○ Recruitedlabourmigration(bilateraltreaties)
■ Officiallyrecruitedbythegovernment
■ Cheaplabourthatnativesdidn’twanttodo
■ E.g.firstbilateraltreatiessignedwithIT,knownforhighunemployment(BE,FR)→
needed
cheaplabourtoworkinminingindustry→
ITwantedtogetridoftheircommunistelements
throughlabourmigration,butBEdidn’twantthecommunistmigrantsandsentthemback
○ Unofficiallabourmigration
■ ⅔rdjustcameastouristsforexampleandgotnecessarydocumentsafterwards
● Countriesoforiginanddestination
○ ‘40s‘50s:ITtoFRandBE
■ 1956miningdisasterinBE→
stoppedbilateraltreatybetweenBEandIT
■ ReplacedwithtreatieswithSP,PT,GR(toFR,BE,andsomeextenttheNL)
○ ‘60s:Europeanmigrantsnotenough
■ DE:ex-Yugoslavia&Turkey
■ FR:Morocco&Algeria
■ BE&NL:Morocco&Turkey
■ UK:India,Pakistan&Ireland
● Economicreasons
Migrants Countriesoforigin Countriesofdestination
Salary Exportofunemployment Replacementfunctione speciallyin
textile,fishandmeatindustry( jobs
Escapeunemployment Remittances(moneysentback
nativesdidn’twanttodoanymore
tocountryoforiginbymigrant
weredonebythemigrants,which
labourers)
determinedtheirsocialmobility)
Expansioninfunctionofeconomic
sectors(neededadditionallabourers
forespeciallycoalandmineindustry
&heavyindustry)
Bufferfunction(economiccycle)
● Follows(downward)economiccycles
○ Exportunemployment-migrantsweresentbacktocountryoforigin
○ Seeitasaliberalpolicy(alreadyin19thcentury)
■ Needlabourers:attractlabourmigration vs.ifeconomydown:pushlabourersway
■ Labourmigrationinfunctionofeconomyuntil‘70sandevenuntiltoday,howeveritismore
complexduetolegislation
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2.1.Labourmigrationbanofthe‘70s
● Labourmigrationandrecruitmentban
○ Economiccrisis1973-1974 ○ Uprisinganti-migrationclimateinwesternEurope
● Differentimpactonmigrants
○ Ineffectiveforsomelabourmigrantgroups:manyworkingalreadyunofficially→
gotpapers,
transitionphase
○ BiggestproblemforTurkish,Yugoslavian,Moroccanpeople
● Temporaryorcircular‘workstay’(‘60s)→‘permanent’migration(‘70s)
○ ⇒
‘60s:migrantnetworksscatteredincities ‘70s:manymigrantschosetostayandgetpapers
○ Chainmigration&familymigrationoncetheygotpapers
■ FamilymigrationduetotherighttofamilyprotectionthatwasguaranteedbyEuropean
legislation
■ Afterban:labourmigrationreplacedbyfamilymigration(upuntiltodaymanymigrantsstill
cometowesternEuropeinformoffamilymigration)
■ Marriagemigration,familyunification,…
■ Numbersofmigrantsrosesharply
● Institutionalcompleteness= foreveryinstitutionincountryofdestinationthereisanethnicminority
institutionprovidingthesameneeds
○ Peoplecanliveintheirownethnicminoritycommunity
○ Consequenceandcauseofchainmigration
■ Risingnumbers=largegrouptointegrateininstitutionalcompleteness
■ Atsametimeattractingmoremigrants
● Transplantedcommunities=denoteunderphenomenonthatitwasabigchainmigrationfromaveryspecific
regionincountryoforigintodestination,thereforetheytransplantalltheirconflicts,cooperations,…
.to
theircountryofdestination
○ E.g.somepartsofTurkishcommunitiesinBEhaveabigdealwiththeKurdianproblem
● Beginningof‘FortressEurope’
2.2.Illustrations
“Therecruitmentandimmigrationbanoftheearly
1970susuallyhadonlyashort-termeffect,andinthe
longtermsometimesevenworkedagainstitsobjectives”
-Bade,K.(2003),p.231
● MoreYugoslavianpeoplechosetostayandget ● PlaceinTurkeyclearlyfocussingonmigration
papers ● ⅔rdoflocalyouthansweredinsurveytheywant
togotowesternEuropeasamarriagepartner
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