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Samenvatting Engels: Cultuur en Geschiedenis

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Universiteit Antwerpen (UA)

Zeer handige, beknopte en overzichtelijke samenvatting van Engels: Cultuur en Literatuur (deel over UK). Combinatie van de powerpoints, mondelinge toelichtingen en belangrijkste delen van het handboek. Door deze samenvatting te leren, 14/20 gehaald (examen met cesuur).

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Publié le 18 décembre 2021
Nombre de pages 37
Écrit en 2020/2021
Type Resume

engels
american
amerikaans
british
brits
cultuur
geschiedenis
culture
history
examen
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UK: culture and history

PART 1: UK CULTURE AND HISTORY

PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Differences between UK and US:
 Same number of presidents (US) and prime ministers (UK)
 Do not rule as long
 UK: 2 parties: Conservatives and Labour
 US: 2 parties: Democrats and Republicans

Course content:
 History: from 1066 (=battle of Hastings, beginning of UK culture + everything before: pre-history) to the 20 th century
Why?
 History should be studied because it is essential to individuals and to society, and because it has shaped that
society.
 Literature: understanding historical references and the historical context of literary movements
 Translation and interpreting: understanding historical references in source texts

 Culture: politics, education, international relationships
Why?
 In studying the language of a country, a society or a limited group of nations that share the same cultural identity
– or at least to some extent – it is not a good idea to focus just on the language and the process of
communication. Language is a fluid entity that happens in a socio-cultural context, in which history has shaped
the contemporary institutions.
 Literature: understanding cultural references in literature.
 Translation and interpreting: understanding cultural references in source texts and intercultural communication

 Current events: stay up to date with the new (until one week before exam) follow the mayor current events
 Newspaper The Guardian (very liberal)
 BBC News: neutral
 Especially front pages

INTRODUCTION TO THE UK

1. TERMINOLOGY
a. Locations
 !! Difference: United Kingdom vs Great Britain vs British Isles
 UK habitants= Britons or British people
 Empire = the British territories during the height of colonialism
 Commonwealth = intergovernmental organization of 53 member states (mostly former colonies of the British
Empire e.g. Canada, India, Australia)
 Commonwealth is voluntary! ( Empire)
“The British Isles”
= British Islands + Ireland
(= Isle of Man, Jersey, Guernsey + United Kingdom)
(= Northern Ireland + Great Britain)
(= Scotland + Wales + England)

,UK: culture and history

b. Politics
 Two main parties: Labour + Conservative party (nickname = Tories: often used in tabloids)
 Other important parties
 Liberal Democrats (Lib-Dems)
 Scottish National Party (SNP)
 Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) = Ireland
 No chance to gain majority in elections
 Parliament = House of Lords + House of Commons
 MP = Member of Parliament
 PM = Prime Minister
 Number 10 = the office of the Prime Minister (Downingstreet number 10)
 UK = parliamentary constitutional monarchy

2. BASIC FACTS
a. The country
 UK population = 65 million
 UK capital (London)
 inhabitants 10 million
 metropolitan area 14 million
 More than a third live in/near the capital = huge inbalance
 Difference between Londoners and everybody else)
 Other capitals:
 Cardiff (Wales)
 Edinburgh (Scotland)
 Belfast (Northern Ireland)

b. The royal family
 Only have to know left part

If Elizabeth II dies
 Charles  William
Monarchy is secured for 3
generations

Speculation: prince Charles will not
ascend the throne and immediately
pass to William
(people prefer younger King but
wait and see)

Commotion: Prince Harry and
Meghan no longer part of royal
family  moved to US

,UK: culture and history

3. FLAGS AND ANTHEMS
a. The UK Flag
Official name of current flag: Union Flag (nickname: Union Jack)
Base of flag: England + Scotland (=> original Union Flag: in 1606 King James I became King  emerging 2 nations)
+ flag of Irerland (island => no separation until 20th century) => Current Union Flag
! One flag not in combination = Wales (= dragon) not incorporated in union flag

b

b. Anthems
= a solemn patriotic song officially adopted by a country as an expression of national identity
No official adopted anthem but ‘GOD SAVE THE KING/QUEEN’ felt as national anthem of UK
 as well the Royal Anthem
 one of the two national anthems of New Zealand
 Royal anthem of Australia + Canada + Barbados
Informal anthems: four devolved nations:
 Jerusalem: England
 England’s most popular patriotic song => often used as alternative nation anthem + calls to give it official status
 = short poem (William Blake)
 Danny Boy: Northern Ireland
 Flower of Scotland: Scotland
 Bread of Heaven: Wales

Other:
 Rule Britannia
 Nimrod (lyricless)
 Land of Hope and Glory (night of the proms)

 All 3 slightly problematic
 very patriotic: empire past of UK
 reflects and glorifies empire past => do we want to celebrate these colonazations/ murders, … ?

4. BRITAIN’S HISTORICAL GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE
There are two generally held views of Britain's historical growth and structural change.
a. (A traditional one argues that) Britain’s development over time has been guided by pragmatism, common sense and
experience of what works in practice, rather than by formal arrangements and theories.
e.g. office of PM => never been made official – rather a convention
b. A second view maintains that this argument, while having some partial validity, does not take into account the historical
realities of oppression, unfairness, division of opinion and lack of shared values.

Competing pressures and cultural and social fragmentation are arguably more prominent in contemporary Britain than a shared set
of beliefs and a common core.

5. ‘RESTORING’ SOCIETY AND THE PAST
Contemporary British society is often measured against an assumed earlier, more positive history, ‘the olden days’.
a. However, the past in Britain was not as idyllic as is sometimes nostalgically imagined

, UK: culture and history
b. Yet the myth of a golden age and older patterns of positive behaviour still hold considerable romantic attraction for many
British people.
There is consequently a tension between presumed tradition and attempts at modernization or change.
‘good old days’
 not really as good as it sounds
 romantic attraction

6. CONTEMPORARY CONDITIONS
a. about the state and direction of contemporary British society and the role of its institutions are common
diversity + change => created problems and advantages
 caused by a number of factors:
 subnations (Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and England) distinct from each other: political, cultural
and ethnic distinctiveness
 cultural and economic gaps between north and south
 dominant influence of London on rest of country
 demands for greater autonomy, democracy and accountability in devolved and local government
areas and less centralized control from London
 process of devolution

b. several dimensions of antagonism
 tensions between national identity and ethnicity;
 e.g. immigrants
 subnational ethnicity: Celtic heritage -> feel that they are different ethnicity than England (variety of ethnicities
due to invades)
 growing generational differences between young and old in all ethnic groups (associated with the increasing
longevity and numbers of the elderly in an ageing society: people live longer – more elder people).
 elder people often think nostalgically about good old days  younger people want change
 disparities between affluent and economically depressed regions throughout the country (including the crime,
decay and social deprivation found in many inner-city and rural locations);
 inequality between rich and poor, with a growing underclass of disadvantaged, alienated or rootless people;
 tensions between cities and the countryside;
 cities tend to be more progressive
 rural tend to be more conservative

c. political variety (reflected in support for different political parties in different parts of the country)
 a lot of political variety = cause tension and fragmentation in society
 Continuing debates on the positions of women, special-interest groups, migrants and minority ethnic
communities
 Relation with the world
 Ireland (island) and Northern Ireland
 EU
 US: always maintained special relationship: shared history and language
 former empire and commonwealth

d. decline in the traditional deference to authority, consensus views and support for national institutions such as the
monarchy, the professions, schools, churches and Parliament
 decline in respect for authorities
 less trust in politics
 This is often called the ‘bulldog spirit’ (more an English characteristic)
 never letting go, being persistent (=bulldog)
 WWII: W.Chruchill attitude: fight enemy -> shaping national resistence
The phrase originated in the Second World War, when Winston Churchill’s attitude to rally the troops and fight
the enemy (on the beaches of Normandy) shaped a national resilience.
 British persistence to have Britain go their own way might have attributed to the Leave result of the EU
referendum. It can also be argued that “self-delusion is a lingering attribute of former imperial nations adjusting
to a lesser reality” (NYT)
 They believe that they are more important than they are: trouble understandig that they are now smaller country
(past colonies and power)

7. THE GREATEST BRITON?
Really the greatest? Up for debate… list to take with grain of salt!!

1) WINSTON CHURCHILL (1874-1965)
 Prime Minister (1940–1945, 1951–1955).
 Historically ranked as one of the greatest British prime ministers.
 Kept the nation's spirit up during World War II, when country had to defend itself against Hitler's attempts to invade
 an important figure in post-war international + national politics
 Received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953.

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