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Samenvatting Business Research Methods (gedeelte M. Cools) KULeuven MBA ()

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Volledige en duidelijke samenvatting van het vak Business Research Methods (gedeelte gegeven door M. Cools). De samenvatting bevat alle slides uit de les aangevuld met eigen notities. LET OP: de samenvatting is exclusief de lessen gegeven door K. Cleeren

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................... 2
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN GENERAL............................................................................................................................ 2
CASE STUDIES ......................................................................................................................................................... 6

QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS...................................................................................................................... 10

CONTENT ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................... 14
COMPUTER ASSISTED QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (CAQDAS) .................................................................... 15
REPORTING ON QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ..................................................................................................................... 17
GETTING PRACTICAL .............................................................................................................................................. 19
FINAL COMMENTS AND ADVICE ................................................................................................................................ 21
SURVEY DESIGN ........................................................................................................................................... 22

DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES .................................................................................................................................... 22
BASIC CONCEPTS ................................................................................................................................................... 23
SUCCESS FACTORS AND BOTTLENECKS........................................................................................................................ 24
THE SAMPLE......................................................................................................................................................... 25
TYPES OF SURVEYS ................................................................................................................................................. 28
THE QUESTIONNAIRE ............................................................................................................................................. 29
COMMON ERRORS ................................................................................................................................................ 39
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ............................................................................................................................... 40
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND METHOD SBM ................................................................................................ 49




1

,QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN MANAGEMENT

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN GENERAL

Description of qualitative research

- Reason for knowledge creation: to understand HOW people/organizations act and
HOW they attach meaning to events
- Nature of (social) reality: complex, constructed and subjective
- Evidence: comes from interaction with people
- Knowledge accumulation: by conducting research in or close to natural setting

Two broad research paradigms

Quantitative research

- Logical positivism/modernism
o Social scientists borrowed methods from physical and life scientists
o Concerned about counting and measuring subjects
o Methods prevailed until 1960s
o Researcher-centered approach

Qualitative research

- Post positivism/post modernism
o Social scientists began to re-examine assumptions about positivism, adopted
concepts and methods from anthropology
o Concerned with watching, listening, talking with subjects
o Participant-centered approach

Types of qualitative studies

- To understand how/why things happen
- Descriptive studies
- Theory-building studies
- Hypothesis-testing studies

Theory-building qualitative studies in situation when

- No existing/ only partial theories
- Complex phenomena
- Lived experiences of people
- Temporal or practice dynamics in organizational life




2

,Approaching qualitative research

- ‘Qualitative research can mean many different things, including a wide range of
methods, and can be informed by contrasting models’
- Case study
o Exploration of a single entity or phenomenon bounded by time and activity
(e.g. program, event, institution, group)
o Using variety of data collection procedures: quantitative and qualitative data
- Grounded theory
o Inductive development of a theory which is ‘grounded’ directly in the empirical
data
- Ethnography
o Long term investigation of a group (often a culture)
o Based on immersion and, optimally, participation in the group
- Phenomenology
o Descriptive study of how individuals experience a phenomenon
o Often searching for commonalities across individuals

All of these approaches require

- Time in the field: extensive
- Data analysis: complex, time-consuming process
o Writing up the study:
• Writing long passages
• Claims è evidence
• Reflecting multiple perspectives
- No firm guidelines or specific procedures, qualitative research constantly evolving
and changing

Designing a qualitative study

Conventional image: field research keeps pre-structuring and tight designs to a minimum

HOWEVER

‘Contrary to what you might have heard, qualitative research designs do exist’
(Miles & Huberman 1998, Silverman 2017)

Purpose: Why are you doing the study?

- Understanding the meaning
- Understanding the context
- Identifying unanticipated issues and generating grounded theories
- Understanding the processes by which events and actions take place
- Developing causal explanations




3

, Conceptual context: What do you think is going on?

- System of concepts, assumptions, expectations, beliefs, theories that informs your
research
- How to build a conceptual framework?
o Experiential knowledge
o Existing theory and research
o Pilot and exploratory studies
o Thought experiments

Research questions: What do you want to understand?

- Evolving because embedded in purpose and conceptual framework
- Help to focus your study
- Give guidance for how to conduct the study
- Sources of confusion
o Research issues versus practical issues
o Example: research questions versus interview questions

Methods: What will you actually do?

- Decisions about data collection
o Field research: observation, participant observation, ethnography
o (In-depth) interviewing: one-on-one, focus groups
o Textual analysis: content analysis
- Decisions about data ordering and analysis
o Categorizing, contextualizing, memos and displays

Quality: How might you be wrong?

Sampling

- Poor case selection impedes making valid causal inferences
- Select cases in such a way that they enable in-depth understanding
- Purposeful/purposive sampling
o Set of procedures whereby the researcher manipulates analysis, theory and
sampling activities interactively during the research process çè statistical
sampling
- Changing the size of your sample during your research may be appropriate

Purposeful sampling

- Theoretical: select participants/ texts/ situations based on their usefulness to
examine the issue of interest
- Deviant case: select participants/ texts/ situations because they might contradict
other evidence
- Quota/stratified: select participants/ texts/ situations to represent features of a
population




4

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