Key international institutions and agreements 1989 – 2020
Institution / Agreement Explanation
NAFTA 1988
North American Free Trade Institutionalized commercial relations
Agreement Between US, Canada and Mexico
Rio Treaty US preserved a mutual defense pact with most of the Latin American
countries
NATO 1949
North Atlantic Treaty Organization Western Europe
To defend the liberal world against communism: freedom, common
heritage and civilization of their peoples, founded on principles of
democracy, individual liberty and rule of law
American security interests were guarded by NATO
SACEUR Commander of the NATO, ACO and SHAPE
Supreme Allied Commander
Europe
ADB
Asian Development Bank Japan and US as main contributors
ASEAN 1967
Association of Southeast Nations Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore
APEC 1989
Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum for economic cooperation
In response to growing interdependence of Asia-Pacific economies
WB Bretton Woods institution 1944
World Bank
IMF Bretton Woods institution 1944
International Monetary Fund
GATT Bretton Woods institution 1947
General Agreement on Tarrifs and The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a legal
Trade agreement between many countries, whose overall purpose was to
promote international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers
such as tariffs or quotas. According to its preamble, its purpose was
the "substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the
elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually
advantageous basis."
Until 1995 WTO
OECD
Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development
Washington Consensus A set of economic policy recommendations for developing countries,
and Latin America in particular, that became popular during the 1980s
COMECON Economic organization
Council for Mutual Economic 1949 – 1991
Assistance Under leadership of the SU
Comprised the countries of the Eastern Bloc and socialist states, and
included several developing countries like Ethiopia, Mozambique,
Laos, Nicaragua
Held the capitalist West responsible for the poverty in the South and
, championed a new international order
UNICEF
United Nations’ Children’s Fund
Maastricht Treaty 1992
More competences towards the EUCOM
Schengen Treaty 1995
Schengenzone: opening up of borders of European countries
Introduction of the Euro 1999
Introduction of the Euro
WTO 1995
World Trade Organization Successor of GATT
Conditional engagement: WTO did leave members the possibility to
implement social and environmental rules, yet sought to prevent hem
from impending trade
! in its negotiations with China, this conditionality disappeared
TRIPS
Treaty on Trade-Related
Intellectual Property Rights
GATS
General Agreement on Trade in
Services
ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
OSCE
Organization for Security and Co-
operation in Europe
CST
Collective Security Treaty
Oslo I Accord 1993
Between Palestine (PLO Palestine Liberation Organization) and Israel
About getting the Israeli state recognized by the Palestinians
After the Oslo agreements, the Israeli continued with their expansion,
this led to anger
NATO-Russian Council Yeltsin and Clinton tried to reduce tensions by temporizing NATO
enlargement, instituting a NATO-Russia Council
And confidence building in the Black and Baltic Seas
Kyoto Protocol 1997
Curb the emission of greenhouse gases
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 2001
Kandur Report WB internal study: proposed to shift the focus from promoting growth
to social corrections
G77 A movement of the world’s poorest countries
Stated that the West was using the financial institutions for security
purposes
, Doha Round 2001
Negotiating global trade rules to aim for advanced trade liberalization,
transferring of sovereignty to transnational entities
A stronger WTO would be an instrument of the struggle for a more
just and better world
Inconsistency of the West: missed another opportunity to execute
its offensive agenda
Strikingly modest attention to environmental and social standards
Six Party Talks Nuclear weapons negotiations
China, Japan, South Korea, Russia, US
North Korea held on to its weapons
2000 Military Doctrine Russian military doctrine that spelled out the readiness to use nuclear
weapons in response to conventional attacks
CSTO 2000
Collective Security Treaty Russia and 10 neighbouring countries replaced the Collective Security
Organization Treaty of 1992 with a formal alliance
A response to NATO enlargement
ECOWAS 1975
Economic Community of West
African States
COMESA 1993
Common Market for Eastern and
Southern Africa
SADC
Southern African Development
Community
TPP US trade block including Japan, Mexico, Canada, Australia, Vietnam
Trans-Pacific Partnership Was believed to have effect on China
2016: the deal would include environmental standards, oblige
countries to protect endangered animals, fight illegal fishing, protect
forests, ban child labor, allow labor unions
still only minimum rules
2018: scrapped by US President Trump
TTIP Between the EU and US
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Intended to handle growing competition from China
Partnership 2018: also abandoned
China’s Belt and Road Initiative is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the
Chinese government in 2013 to invest in nearly 70 countries and
international organizations
2013: announced by Xi Jinping
JCPOA
Joined Comprehensive Plan of
Action
