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Samenvatting introduction to Korean Culture, Society and Politics

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Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)

Samenvatting van het vak introduction to Korean Culture, Society and Politics gedoceerd door professor Carbonnet

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Introduction to Korean culture, society
and politics
Inhoud
1. Ethnocentrism, culturalism & stereotypes.........................................................................................2
1.1. Ethnocentrism.............................................................................................................................2
1.1.1. Sinocentrism.........................................................................................................................2
1.2. Culturalism...................................................................................................................................3
2. Shamanism.........................................................................................................................................3
3. Confucianism......................................................................................................................................6
3.1. Confucianism: an overview..........................................................................................................6
3.2. Introduction and development of Confucianism in Korea...........................................................7
3.3. Confucianism and Contemporary Korea......................................................................................9
4. South Korea today (political history)..................................................................................................9
4.1. Division of Korea..........................................................................................................................9
4.2. Foundation of Republic of Korea.................................................................................................9
4.3. A dictatorial regime...................................................................................................................10
4.4. South Korea’s democratization..................................................................................................10
4.5. South Korea’s institutions today................................................................................................11
4.6. Economy....................................................................................................................................12
4.7. Society: population....................................................................................................................12
4.8. Society: Urbanization.................................................................................................................12
4.9. Society: Mass media..................................................................................................................13
5. The Korean War (1950-1953)...........................................................................................................13
5.1. Origins........................................................................................................................................13
5.1.1. The division of Korea..........................................................................................................13
5.1.2. Who initiated......................................................................................................................13
5.2. North-Korean invasion...............................................................................................................13
5.3. Belgium and Korea.....................................................................................................................14
6. North Korea......................................................................................................................................14
6.1. A communist dynasty................................................................................................................14
6.2. Korean Worker’s Party...............................................................................................................14
6.3. Chuch’e/Juche/Dtchoutché Idea...............................................................................................15
6.4. Political: Korean People’s Army.................................................................................................15
6.5. Nuclear weapon program..........................................................................................................15

,6.6. Society.......................................................................................................................................16
6.7. Economy....................................................................................................................................16
6.8. Culture.......................................................................................................................................17

1. Ethnocentrism, culturalism & stereotypes
1.1. Ethnocentrism
 Definition of ethnocentrism: technical name for this view of things, in which one’s own group
is the centre of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it
 William Sumner
 Lévi-Strauss (text on Toledo)
o French anthropologist from Brussels. Was persecuted for being of Jewish roots in
WOII. Eventually chairman of college de France.
o Wrote ‘Race & Histoire’, published by UNESCO
 Key Ideas:
 Ethnocentrism as a universal trait of humanity (i.e. indigenous <->
white colonists)
 Humanity as covering all forms of human species is a recent concept
 1952: Congo as a colony of Belgium
 1945: Japan lost war (lost Korea as colony)
 1962: Algeria as a colony of France
 Ethnocentrism Korea – Belgium diplomats:
o First treaty with China and Japan in 1866
o Opening of Korea due to the USA: 1876 and first treaty with Western power in 1882
o Diplomatic relations: 1901
o Situation in Korea followed by Belgian diplomats especially via ministers in China and
Japan and Belgian consul in Shanghai
o Questions of sources:
 Westerners usually not allowed to enter Korea before conclusion of treaties
 Few contacts with Korean diplomats posted abroad
 Newspapers
 Hearsays
 Contacts with other diplomats posted in China and Japan
 Belgian diplomats and several direct contact with Korean diplomats = excellent opinion of
Koreans  smart, serious and good-willing

1.1.1. Sinocentrism
 Hierarchical system of international relations that prevailed in East-Asia
o At the centre, the Chinese dynasty legitimated by the Mandate of Heaven, regarded
itself as the most prominent civilization
 China was “surrounded by barbarians”: Turks, Japanese, Koreans, Mongols, Indochinese,…
 Only China had an emperor, Son of Heaven, other countries only were allowed in their eyes
to have kings
 The important Tribute System: prevailed in East-Asia from the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220
CE) – 19th century
o i.e. The book of the latter Han (oldest doc remaining mentioning Japan)
 Treatise of Eastern Barbarians: Emperor granted gold imperial seals, in
return the Country of Na sent envoys back to the Chinese capital, offering

, tribute and formal New Years’ greetings (so i.e. Japan was allowed
themselves to be called king of Na of Han)
 Ends in the 1st Sino-Japanese war (1894 – 1895): Japan wins
 Leads to the Shimonoseki treaty (1895): 1 st article states that China recognizes the full
independency of Korea and the tribute payment from K -> C will cease
 Japan wanted to take Korea out of the atmosphere of China (so they could later colonize
them)

1.2. Culturalism
 Sociological approach that places great emphasis on culture to explain how a society works
o Culture conditions/determines the behaviour of individuals  Cultural determinism
 Personality (ego) is a socialized expression of human nature (id), particular
culture (super-ego)  Freud
 Ruth Benedict: Patterns of Culture: “a culture, like an individual, is a more or less consistent
pattern of thought and action”
 Each culture chooses from “the great arc of human potentialities” only a few
characteristics which became the leading personality traits of the persons living with that
culture
o Wrote a book on Japan: “Chrysanthemum and the Sword”
 To understand and predict the behaviour of the Japanese during the war
 Most important features of Japanese culture: culture of shame (Shame of capture) <->
culture of guilt (Western)  Notion of guilt is missing from the Japanese -> Samson: ‘they
have never been tortured by the sense of sin’
o Received criticism on book:
 “Anthropology at a distance” Benedict never went to Japan
 Law: Considering Japan as homogenous overlooks class differences which
influence people’s behaviour
 Philosophy: The Japanese described are not representative, they are just
ultranationalist soldiers  Benedict only interviewed prisoner soldiers
 Ethnology: There is no people who uses word ‘guilt’ as frequently as the
Japanese, the ‘culture of shame’ concerns only the class of the bushi
 Criticism against culturalism
o 1. Culturalism leads to (over)simplification and overlooks differences existing within
a same culture  can lead to stereotypes
 Bourdieu: Cultural norms vary depending on social milieu, people see things different
standing in different classes
 You have to go more in detail and keep class in mind
o 2. Culturalism has a tendency to see as specific a cultural trait that can be, in fact,
observed in other cultures
 Perfection as a Korean cultural trait  not only in Korea, i.e. opera is also a form of
perfection

2. Shamanism
 Can be defined as a religion in which humans request the help of a spirit through the
mediation of a shaman
o Still prevails in age of modernization
o Shrines, offers, protector gods (of villages), exorcism, ancestors
o Long before introduction of Buddhism, Confucianism and Christianity

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