Summary LPC Notes Advocacy Revision Notes and Script with Chronology 2021 (BPP and ULaw Competent)
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Advocacy
Établissement
Advocacy
Victim Justice System
- Mala in se – totally unacceptable acts; agreed upon wrongs; bad by definition; everybody
knows it’s wrong
- Lex Talionis – an eye for an eye
- Restitution (Payment) vs. Retribution (Punishment)
- Few written laws
- Victims took matters into their own hands
Crimi...
summary lpc notes advocacy revision notes and script with chronology 2021 bpp and ulaw competent
victim justice system mala in se – totally unacceptable acts agreed upon wrongs bad by definition
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ADVOCACY REVISION NOTES AND SCRIPT WITH CHRONOLOGY
Advocacy Revision Notes Chapter 1
Victim Justice System
- Mala in se – totally unacceptable acts; agreed upon wrongs; bad by definition; everybody
knows it’s wrong
- Lex Talionis – an eye for an eye
- Restitution (Payment) vs. Retribution (Punishment)
- Few written laws
- Victims took matters into their own hands
Criminal Justice System
- Individuals in power saw financial opportunities in restitution
- Urbanization brought about higher crime rates
- The new focus because punishment and deterrence.
Hans Von Hentig (1940s)
- Criminal –victim dyad
- Possibility of the victim as an agent provocateur
- 13 categories of victims. Key features;
• Easier target due to physical, social and/or psychological disadvantage
• Focus more on situations rather than actions
Benjamin Mendelssohn (1950s)
- Observed a trend – victims and offenders were often close
- Six step classification system for victims:
1. Completely innocent victim
2. Victims with minor guilt or ignorance
3. Guilty victim/voluntary victim
4. Victim more guilty than offender
5. Most guilty victim
6. Imaginary victim
- Credited with coming up with a lot of terms used today; anything with victim in it.
Marvin E. Wolfgang (1950s)
- Victim precipitation can be active or passive
- Analyzed homicide records
- This study was important because he was the first to actually use data to support the idea
of victim precipitation.
- Philadelphia from 1948 – 1952, 26% of homicides were due to victim precipitation.
- Typical factors:
• Victim and offender had prior relationship
• Homicide starts out as a small altercation
• Alcohol consumption (by the victim)
Stephen Schafer (1960s)
- Wrote a book called “The Victim and His Criminal”
- Returned to studying the victim responsibility
- Functional responsibility
1. Unrelated victims
2. Provocative victims: shared responsibility with offender who is reacting to
behavior of the victim.
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