Resume

Summary of the Cognitive Approach (PY1 - Approaches in Psychology)

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Cours
PY1 - Approaches in Psychology

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WJEC

A summary of all the information needed to answer questions on the cognitive approach for the unit 1 exam of WJEC AS Level Psychology. Includes: - Assumptions (the computer analogy, internal mental process, schemas) - Application to relationships - Therapy and Evaluation - Key Study (Eyewitness acc...

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Publié le 10 juin 2022
Nombre de pages 5
Écrit en 2019/2020
Type Resume

cognitive approach
psychology
wjec
computer analogy
schemas
assumptions
therapy
cbt
cognitive behavioural therapy

Niveau d'études
A/AS Level
Editeur
WJEC
Sujet
Psychology
Cours
PY1 - Approaches in Psychology

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5 éléments

1. Resume - Summary of the biological approach (py1 - approaches in psychology)
2. Resume - Summary of the psychodynamic approach (py1 - approaches in psychology)
3. Resume - Summary of the behaviourist approach (py1 - approaches in psychology)
4. Resume - Summary of the cognitive approach (py1 - approaches in psychology)
5. Resume - Summary of the positive approach (py1 - approaches in psychology)
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Cognitive
Assumptions
 The Computer Analogy
o Compares the human brain to a computer
o Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

 Internal Mental Process
o Humans are basically information processors
o Essential cognitive processes work together enabling us to make sense of and
respond to the world around us
 We only know a dog is a dog because we see its features and piece together
the clues
 To name it we must also use our knowledge of language
o Introspection was used by Wundt (1879) where him asked people to tell him what
they were thinking
 Schemas
o Schemas are organised packets of information that are built up through experience
and are kept in our long-term memories
o Schemas do not necessarily represent society as they are often built via social
exchanges
 The suggestion that thieves wear black and white striped tops with
balaclavas
o Research by Allport and Postman (1947) shows that people apply stereotypes when
recalling pictures/events

Application to Relationships
 Schemas – Dion et al (1972) showed if people seen to be are physically attractive other
people will think they have good qualities
 Internal mental processes –
o Based on your first impression of someone you will decide if you want to see them
again
 Positive past experiences will cause a relationship to form whereas negative
experiences will discourage relationships

,  Matching hypothesis – we choose people based on their attractiveness and if we think we
match this

Therapy – Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
 The role of the therapist is to change the client’s perceptions of the world around them
 Schemas influence how we see the world around us
o Depressed people develop negative schemas about 3 things: themselves, the world
around them and their futures
 Dysfunctional Thought Diary
o Clients are asked to record events leading up to unpleasant emotions
 They should then rank how much they believe these thoughts
 They should then write a rational response to these and rank their
beliefs for this again
 Cognitive Restructuring
o The client and therapist work together to change the negative thinking pattern
 Know as ‘therapy during therapy’
o Clients are taught to challenge dysfunctional thoughts and replace them with
constructive ones
 Pleasant activity scheduling
o Clients are asked to plan one pleasant activity a day they will engage in to give a
sense of accomplishment or a break from the norm
o Should induce positive emotions

Evaluation of Therapy
 Effectiveness
o Research support
 CBT is not inferior to all anti-depressants
 Jarrett et al (1999) found CBT was as effective as some anti-depressants
when treating 108 patients with depression over a 10-week period
 Hollon et al (1992) found no difference when comparing CBT with different
anti-depressants in a sample of 107 over a 10-week period
o Therapist competence
 The skills of the therapist can affect the effectiveness of CBT (ability to
structure sessions and reviewing homework/assignments)
 Kuyken and Tsivrikos (2009) claim the outcomes can vary by up to 15%
o Individual differences
 Some people are more suited to CBT
 Seems to be less suited for those with high levels of irrational beliefs
o Simons et al (1995) found that CBT is less suitable for those
with high levels of stress
o Empowerment
 Therapist should be empowering (encouraging participants to develop
coping strategies)
 Recognise that people have free will
 Most widely used therapy in the NHS

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