Lecture + video + book notes from the course Research Workshop: Experiment
5 vues 0 fois vendu
Cours
56615 (774223001Y)
Établissement
Universiteit Van Amsterdam (UvA)
Book
Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences
This includes all the lecture notes + images from the lecture for the models and schemes to better understand.
It covers chapter 1, 6, 10 + all the videos assigned throughout the course.
Boost Your Grades with the [Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences,Gravetter,5e] 2023-2024 Test Bank
Methoden begrippenlijst
Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences, Gravetter - Exam Preparation Test Bank (Downloadable Doc)
Tout pour ce livre (6)
École, étude et sujet
Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA)
Communicatiewetenschap
56615 (774223001Y)
Tous les documents sur ce sujet (3)
Vendeur
S'abonner
martinatacconi
Avis reçus
Aperçu du contenu
Week 1
4 elements of true experimental designs
1. Manipulation: researcher manipulates one variable by changing its value to create a set of 2+
treatment conditions (IV)
E.g. Condition 1 no sponsorship disclosure; condition 2: sponsorship disclosure
2. Measurement: second variable is measured for a group of participants to obtain a set of scores in
each treatment condition (DV)
E.g. Ad recognition (to what extent do children recognize the ad in videos?) measured in both conditions,
on a 7-point scale
3. Comparison: scores in one treatment condition can be compared across conditions (consistent
differences between treatment are evidence that manipulation caused changes; causality)
4. Control: all other variables are controlled to ensure they dont influence the two variables being
examined (IV effect on DV)
- Variable that changes randomly with no relation to IV is not a threat (random change not
systematic change)
- Hold variable constant
- Threat: Limit external validity
- Matching values across treatment conditions
- Counterbalancing!
- Randomization
- Random assignment (advantage: control multiple variables simultaneously)
Example 1: Milgram Experiment
Is the Milgram Experiment a true experiment? NOT A TRUE EXPERIMENT
Manipulation? NO: Every treatment was the same (all participants got the same treatment)
Measurement? YES: Severity of the shock (measurement of behavior = how far they would shock given
to students)
Comparison: NO: No manipulation/treatments/conditions there cannot be any comparison
Control? +/- : No manipulation makes it hard to say, but every student has the exact same experience
(e.g. voice of student)
Milgram’s experiment (obedience to authority) by Stanley Milgram
- Goal of study: How far would people go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming
another person?
, - Measured: extent to which participant would listen to authority
- Results: 65% continued to highest level
Example 2: The Marshmallow Test (impulsivity)
Toddles = subject to impulsivity (is it a characteristic they are born with? And can it be influenced by
their own logic?)
- Condition 1 Reliable: If they waited, they got better pens
- Condition 2 Unreliable : If they waited, the experimenter said they made a mistake and didnt get
better pens (had to use first option)
Results: Kids in condition 2 were more likely to eat marshmallow (mean: 3 min), in condition 1 kids
waited 4x longer (12min)
- Decisions on whether they should behave in long/short-term
Correlation vs. Causation
Goal of experimental research strategy: establish the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship between
2 variables
- Manipulate IV to create different groups which receive different treatments, the different scores
of DV are caused by treatment (IV) unless extraneous variables are involved.
Experimental Research Strategy
, Extraneous Variables aka. Control variables
- Extraneous variables: all variables beyond IV and DV
(goal of proper experimental design is to control these variables and
prevent them from becoming confounding variables)
Confounding Variables (problematic extraneous variables)
E.g. age/ time of day
When are they confounding variables?
1. Influences DV (if its totally unrelated, then its not a threat)
2. Varies systematically with IV (if it varies randomly, no threat)
(if it varies within conditions = threat!)
Methods to control extraneous variables
1. Randomization: unbiased procedure to
distribute extraneous values across conditions
(each research participant has an equal chance of
being in any of the treatments/ conditions)
Goal: minimize differences across groups (e.g.
distribution of gender/age is almost equal; no
individual differences between groups)
, 2. Holding a variable constant: e.g. if gender is considered a extraneous variable, only select only
males of 30 years all and divide them into the treatments
Internal validity low! (hard to generalize it to other groups)
3. Matching: systematic way of
dividing participants into treatment groups
(pair each similar participant based on age
& gender and one goes to treatment 1 and
the other in 2 = division is similar e.g. 70%
men, 30% women; not equal)
Question 1: Think about the difference
between correlation and causality (which was already in MCRS) and why we can test causal
relationships with an experiment but not with a survey. What's the difference? What element(s)
of a true experiment concern testing causal relationships?
Chapter 1 - Intro, Acquiring Knowledge & the Scientific Method
Methods of acquiring knowledge: ways in which a person can know things/ discover answers to
Qs
Scientific method:
Goal: obtain better-quality answers (or at least) a high level of confidence in the answers
Non-scientific approaches to acquiring knowledge
1. Method of tenancy: info is accepted as true bc it has always been believed/ superstitions
(as facts) support it (habit)
- The more we are exposed to these statements, the more likely we believe them to
be true
- Advertisers use the method of tenancy by repeating their slogans, hoping
consumers will accept them as true (& buy their products)
E.g. “ you can’t teach an old dog new tricks”; “ opposites attract”
- Problems: statements may not be true but there may be no ways of correcting erroneous
ideas. Even when faced with evidence that contradicts it, the belief persists (and is
difficult to change)
Les avantages d'acheter des résumés chez Stuvia:
Qualité garantie par les avis des clients
Les clients de Stuvia ont évalués plus de 700 000 résumés. C'est comme ça que vous savez que vous achetez les meilleurs documents.
L’achat facile et rapide
Vous pouvez payer rapidement avec iDeal, carte de crédit ou Stuvia-crédit pour les résumés. Il n'y a pas d'adhésion nécessaire.
Focus sur l’essentiel
Vos camarades écrivent eux-mêmes les notes d’étude, c’est pourquoi les documents sont toujours fiables et à jour. Cela garantit que vous arrivez rapidement au coeur du matériel.
Foire aux questions
Qu'est-ce que j'obtiens en achetant ce document ?
Vous obtenez un PDF, disponible immédiatement après votre achat. Le document acheté est accessible à tout moment, n'importe où et indéfiniment via votre profil.
Garantie de remboursement : comment ça marche ?
Notre garantie de satisfaction garantit que vous trouverez toujours un document d'étude qui vous convient. Vous remplissez un formulaire et notre équipe du service client s'occupe du reste.
Auprès de qui est-ce que j'achète ce résumé ?
Stuvia est une place de marché. Alors, vous n'achetez donc pas ce document chez nous, mais auprès du vendeur martinatacconi. Stuvia facilite les paiements au vendeur.
Est-ce que j'aurai un abonnement?
Non, vous n'achetez ce résumé que pour €8,99. Vous n'êtes lié à rien après votre achat.
