Notes de cours
Risk behavior and addiction in adolescents - Hoorcollege aantekeningen
- Cours
- Établissement
Alle aantekeningen van de hoorcolleges op een rijtje!
[Montrer plus]
Vendeur
S'abonner
esmeevisser
Avis reçus
Aperçu du contenu
Risk behavior in AdolescenceHoorcollege 1
Substance use and addiction remain to be trending topics
- A lot in newspapers
- Old topic
How do we define risk behavior?
- Risk behavior: behaviors that pose a risk to a healthy physical, cognitive,
psychosocial development of adolescents.
Substance use (smoking, alcohol, cannabis)
Other risk behaviors (..)
The general developmental proces
1. Contact with a substance
2. Experimenting with a substance
3. Integrated use
4. Excessive use
5. Addicted use
What we tend to regard as risk behavior depends on…
- Characteristics of the particular substance or behavior (smoking vs gaming)
- Cultural and societal norms: alcohol use in western versus Islamic cultures
- Scientific knowledge: knowledge on the risks of alcohol use for the cognitive
development of adolescents
Predictors of substance use (Lopez-leon & Raley, 2013)
Capability
Motivation behaviour
Opportunity
Adolescence (+10 – 24 years)
- Early adolescence (aged 10-13): physical growth, sexual maturation,
psychosocial development, social identity formation
- Mid adolescence (aged 14-18 years): experimenting with risk behaviours,
personal identity formation (who am I?)
- Late adolescence (aged 19-24): practicing adult roles, having relations
Neurological development during adolescence
1. Strong grow in brain volume:
increase in white matter
(connections), decrease in grey
matter (nerve cells)
2. Loss of gray matter among girls and boys by age
Pruning (snoeien): if you don’t use it, you lose it!
, 3. High plasticity of the brain (learn skills if you are young)
4. Increase in white matter: communication between brain regions strongly
improves
- Long term memory increases
- Capacity for abstract thinking/metacognition increases
Neurological development in adolescence
The speed of the development of two different brain regions differs
- The affective-motivational (emotional brain) develops fast
- The control system (rational brain) develops slowly
Affective-motivational system (emotional brain)
- The affective-motivational system (‘reward center’) is overactive in early and
mid adolescence
- Adolescents experience stronger positive emotions than adults when they
receive or anticipate a reward
- This process is enhanced by testosterone
Control system (rational brain)
- The rational brain develops slowly (until about 25 years)
- The rational brain plays an important role in the experience of executive
functions:
Risk estimation
Monitoring long-term goals
, Inhibit the tendency to respond to short term possibillities for reward (impulse
control, behavioral inhibition, self-control)
The maturational Imbalance model
- Increased risk-taking during adolescence is a result of an imbalance between
motivational bottom-up versus controlling top-down processes (high reward
sensitivity versus immature impulse control)
How can we define drugs or psychoactive substances?
Psychoactive substances are chemical substances that cross the blood-brain barrier
and affect the function of central nervous system thereby altering perception, mood
or consciousness.
Other characteristics of psychoactive substances:
- They often induce craving after (regular) use
- They often evoke loss of control after they have been used (regularly)
Psychoactive substances differ in
- Type and strength of the psychoactive effect
- The degree to which they elicit craving and loss of control
- Cannabis/ketamine and XTC are in between
How can we define addiction?
, Sussman (2017) differentiates between intensional and extensional definitions of
addiction:
- Intensional: these definitions aim to describe a causal addiction process
- Extensional: a classification of characteristics of an addiction
Two learning principles underlying the development of addiction:
1. Positive reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because
of a desirable event (relaxation) is resulting from the behavior
2. Negative reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because
an aversive event is prevented from happening (prevention of withdrawal
symptoms)
Why withdrawal symptoms?
Drug use
Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NA) brain adaptation (the
sensitivity of the reward system is decreasing)
Reward
This decrease in the sensitivity of the brain reward system
- Reduction number of dopamine receptors
- Making the existing receptors less sensitive to dopamine
Result:
1. Tolerance (needing a higher dose of the drug to have the same effect)
2. Withdrawal symptoms (during abstinence)
3. A reduced sensitivity to natural incentives
- Reduced sexual interest in cocaine users
Les avantages d'acheter des résumés chez Stuvia:
Qualité garantie par les avis des clients
Les clients de Stuvia ont évalués plus de 700 000 résumés. C'est comme ça que vous savez que vous achetez les meilleurs documents.
L’achat facile et rapide
Vous pouvez payer rapidement avec iDeal, carte de crédit ou Stuvia-crédit pour les résumés. Il n'y a pas d'adhésion nécessaire.
Focus sur l’essentiel
Vos camarades écrivent eux-mêmes les notes d’étude, c’est pourquoi les documents sont toujours fiables et à jour. Cela garantit que vous arrivez rapidement au coeur du matériel.
Foire aux questions
Qu'est-ce que j'obtiens en achetant ce document ?
Vous obtenez un PDF, disponible immédiatement après votre achat. Le document acheté est accessible à tout moment, n'importe où et indéfiniment via votre profil.
Garantie de remboursement : comment ça marche ?
Notre garantie de satisfaction garantit que vous trouverez toujours un document d'étude qui vous convient. Vous remplissez un formulaire et notre équipe du service client s'occupe du reste.
Auprès de qui est-ce que j'achète ce résumé ?
Stuvia est une place de marché. Alors, vous n'achetez donc pas ce document chez nous, mais auprès du vendeur esmeevisser. Stuvia facilite les paiements au vendeur.
Est-ce que j'aurai un abonnement?
Non, vous n'achetez ce résumé que pour €5,49. Vous n'êtes lié à rien après votre achat.
Peut-on faire confiance à Stuvia ?
4.6 étoiles sur Google & Trustpilot (+1000 avis)
75323 résumés ont été vendus ces 30 derniers jours
Fondée en 2010, la référence pour acheter des résumés depuis déjà 14 ans