Ik heb deze samenvatting gemaakt aan de hand van: het boek (sommige delen), lesnotities en de powerpoint (arresten niet inbegrepen). Behaald resultaat 18/20.
Introduction in class:
Focussing on European Union law (constitutional).
Not substantial law (consist of different branches)
Everything is influenced by European law why? Because International law is transposed into
national law.
Treaties:
- TEU (verdrag van de Europese Unie)
- TFEU (verdrag betreffende de werking van de Europese Unie)
- CRFEU (not included in the treaties)
= Primary union law, consolidated treaties. (Bij de consolidatie worden latere
wijzigingen en rectificaties in de oorspronkelijke tekst verwerkt tot één nieuwe,
bijgewerkte tekst).
Secondaire union law: stands on primary. (Recommendations, decisions directives,
regulations)
Chapter 1: introduction
European law is a source not a branch (example: economic, social law…)
Beginning of the free community: free movement
= EEC, European economic community
became EC, they left out the economic. Because there was a lot more than
economic.
Now: European law where everything is covered.
EEC (By treaty of Rome in 1957) became EC (by the treaty of Maastricht
1993) thereafter the EU (by the treaty of Lisbon 2007, in force 2009)
European law is supranational, it is always primary even over national constitution
Conflict between national and EU? Apply national. They can ask a preliminary
question (prejudiciële vraag) @ Luxembourg.
Constitutional law Substantive law
Staatsrecht Materieel recht
A body of law who defines the role, powers and structure Regulate rights and obligations
within a state. The executive parliament and législature. of people in their mutual
And the basic rights of citizens. intercourse
Example: free movement of
goods, competition.
Chapter 2: The creation of a European Union
2 processen:
- Deepening: steadily more and more competences will be given to EU. And taken
away from us: supranational and national.
, o In essence: EU = supranational organ independent institution can make
recommendations.
But for some things states got a vetoright.
- Enlargement process: everything started with 6 member states
The architects of the EU
People talked long ago about EU integration.
Victor Hugo: cited in 1894: “A day will come when all the nations of this continent, without
losing their distinct qualities or their glorious individuality, will fuse together in a higher unity
and form of European brotherhood. A day will come when the only battlefield will be the
marketplace for competing ideas. A day will come when bullets and bombs will be replaced
by votes”. Hij was een dichter.
Konrad Adenauer: first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from
1949 to 1963
Simone Veil: Holocaust survivor, French magistrate and stateswoman who served as Health
Minister in several governments and was President of the European Parliament from 1979 to
1982
Winston Churchill: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 during the
Second World War, and again from 1951 to 1955. Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech:
Iron curtain is back: West is scared of influence of Moskou etc. and mad for roce
oekraïne to brussel. Winston Churchill warned of the rise of Soviet power and the
descent of an ‘iron curtain’ across the continent
Populations around them lay in the soviet sphere and are under influence of soviet
and control of Moscow.
Zurich speech (19 September 1946): he reiterated his call for a United States of
Europe, based now on Franco-German reconciliation, and proposed the creation of a
Council of Europe as a stepping stone towards that goal
Alcide De Gasperi: Christian Democratic Prime Minister of Italy in eight successive coalition
governments from 1945 to 1953
Robert Schuman: French Foreign Minister
Jean Monnet: a senior French civil servant
United in diversity = symbol of the EU
9th symphony of beethoven = symbol
Declaration n52 and added to the treaties
Aim of the EU: maintain peace
Wars: thereafter to be stable and not fighting
Art 3 TEU: aim to promote peace…
Early forms of cooperation
Before EU other forms:
after WO1 1948 US wanted to invest, there was an organization formed. This was
called: the oversee Marshall Plan.
NATO (NAVO in het nederlands)
Cooperation between European governments led to the Council of Europe (1949): 46
states and Rusland was kicked out. They are separated from the Union. They
adopted:
o European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) (EVRM in het nederlands)
o Europeqn court of human rights (EctHR)
o Aim: protect human rights
o Seperate from the EU.
,Het Marshallplan was een omvangrijk materieel hulpplan, dat op initiatief van de toenmalige
Amerikaanse minister van Buitenlandse Zaken George C. Marshall drie jaar na de Tweede
Wereldoorlog in werking trad.
Plans that the EU will exceed the council of Europe will come.
Treaty is ratified to staatsburg to appeal because right are violated
The First treaties
1. WO2 the economics has been devastated (verwoest) and people were scared to
build up their lives (Small periode of unity).
2. Curtain over consent: UK and USA supported and pushed a lot for integration as a
remedy to communism.They saw a co-operation between them as means to counter
perceived threats from eastern Europe.This resulted in the NAVO.
3. Schumann declaration, this took a functionalist approach (integration by integration)
and involved the integration of a French and German coal and steel industry as a
means to establish the relation between them. By this the industries could be closely
monitored. (*)
a. Included also: ensuring security on a wider European base.
b. All this: led to the EU Coal and steel community
4. Treaty of Paris in 1951: ESCS was created. (Expired in 2002) a plan to start a
defense community by the treaty of Paris.
a. The system of intergovernmental co-operating is abolished. 4 bodies were
created to run the ECSC and control the coal and steel industry. The power of
control was moved to the institutions.
b. They became supranational
c. Aim ECSC: create common market coal and steel and remove barriers. But
also the longer terms of peace.
5. Further attempts at integration between the MS: plan was a European defense
community and political community. With the creation of a European army and
common European foreign policy.
a. This was a fail: they couldn’t find a agreement so it failed
6. Relaunch Messina conference (*) 1955. Paul Henri Spaak Van 1952 tot 1953 was hij
voorzitter van de Gemeenschappelijke Vergadering van de Europese Gemeenschap
voor Kolen en Staal. Het Spaak-rapport deed de aanbeveling tot oprichting van een
Europese Economische Gemeenschap en een Europese Gemeenschap voor
Atoomenergie. De EEG en Euratom Worden opgericht door de Verdragen van Rome,
die ondertekend worden op 25 maart 1957 : projet lead to treaty Rome. (See
drawing)
(*) Schumann declaration 1950:
Idea (economic cooperation) proposed by Monnet but taken up by Schumann, step by step
further.
The plan led to: closely monitored en the re-arm (bewapening) was reduced.
The method “Jean Monnet” is also called neo-functionalism. Neo-functionalisme heeft
als doel het verklaren en voorspellen van verandering in de internationale relaties van
staten als een gevolg van regionale integratie
o Ook wel de spill-over methodiek (dit is slechts een van de theorieën over het
Schumanplan) genoemd, bestond eruit te beginnen met een klein deel van de
nationale economieën te integreren, en zo tot sociale, culturele en politieke
integratie te komen
(*) De Conferentie van Messina van 1955 was een bijeenkomst van de zes lidstaten van de
Europese Gemeenschap voor Kolen en Staal. De conferentie evalueert de voortgang van de
, EGKS en stelde, dat deze goed functioneerde, verdere Europese integratie voor This
initiative led to the creation in 1957 of the European Economic Community and Euratom.
Treaty of Rome 1957
Why 2 treaties? To avoid if 1 is ratified and you can spread the risks.
- EEC singed in 1957
o Same country as EURATOM
o Aim: common market
o And is administred by 4 bodies who have been delegated of actions in the
areas.
- EURATOM: singed in Rome 1957.
o Aim: atomic emergy for peaceful purposes and safety standards
o Unlimited period
The difference between the first 2 communities and the EEC:
o ECSC and EURATOM were limited in their scope (reikwijdte).
o ECC was broader it was created with the task of all aspects of economy
Longer term goals were wider: closer union among people of Europe
The power to take decision was limited to specific agreed areas only.
European Communities
= used to denote all communities (EEC, ECSC and EURATOM)
At the end of the ’50 = 3 communities
ESC: now part of the Union Law. Want a common market for coal and steel. For 50
years.
EEC: unlimited aim: unlimited time
o Common market
o Common policy: social article but for economic aim. Example: make sure everyone
has enough food in the war.
o Free movement
EURATOM: stimulates energie
! Communities = all 3 communities, European community is later on the EC
Titel 2: the development of the European economic community (EEC)
The merger treaty 1965:
The Merger Treaty of 1965 merged the executives from the 3 communities.
= Aim: creating a common council of ministers and a common commission. The remaining 2
institutions were already by them 2.
ECSC
High Autority
Council of Ministers
Parliamentary Assembly
Court of Justice
Convention on certain Merger Treaty 1965
institutions common to the Single Commission
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