Volledige samenvatting van het vak European Politics and Policy.
Alle vragen zijn beantwoord in zowel Engels (Vak en examen is in het Engels) als in het Nederlands.
De samenvatting is gebaseerd op de lessen, Powerpoints en zelf opgezochte informatie om zo een volledig antwoord te kunnen geven op ...
Contents
European Integration Until 1957............................................................................................................3
1. The ideas of Coudenhove-Kalergi and Aristide Briand (who? Period?)...............................................3
2. What were the challenges of 1945? How did Churchill react to the situation?..................................5
3. Which countries had which interest in the integration of (West-) Germany in the West?.................6
4. Truman doctrine and Marshall Plan (+ OEEC).....................................................................................7
5. Intergouvernmentalism and supranationalism: difference................................................................9
6. The Hague Congress and the Council of Europe...............................................................................11
7. Schuman, Monnet and the ECSC......................................................................................................12
8. EDC (EUROPEAN DEFENSE COMMUNITY): aims. Why did it fail?.....................................................14
9. Saar statute referendum..................................................................................................................15
10. Beyen Plan and Messina and Spaak → Rome.................................................................................16
11. Functionalist and spillover approaches...........................................................................................18
12. EFTA and EEA..................................................................................................................................19
European integration until 1968...........................................................................................................20
13. Treaty of Rome: communities and institutions...............................................................................20
14. Customs Union: definition. Why ahead of schedule?.....................................................................22
15. CAP (Common Agricultural Policy): what is it about? Criticism.......................................................23
16. Fouchet Plan 1961..........................................................................................................................24
17. Britain: reluctance to join the EC....................................................................................................25
18. Britain: application: why? Role of De Gaulle and Pompidou..........................................................25
19. Empty-Chair-Crisis of 1965 and De Gaulle......................................................................................28
European integration in 1970s and 1980s............................................................................................29
20. International economic situation beginning of the 70s..................................................................29
21. 'The spirit of The Hague'.................................................................................................................30
22. Completion, Widening and Deepening...........................................................................................31
23. European Political Cooperation (EPC) in the 70s............................................................................33
24. Enlargement (1973)........................................................................................................................35
25. Summit of Paris 1972: agreements.................................................................................................36
26. Tindemans Report and Werner Report...........................................................................................37
27. Foreign Policy context of the 80s....................................................................................................38
28. Southern enlargement....................................................................................................................39
29. British budget rebate......................................................................................................................40
30. Single Market and the importance of the Cassis-de-Dijon-ruling...................................................41
,31. Political provisions of the SEA (SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT)................................................................42
32. Three-stage transition to Monetary Union (Delors).......................................................................44
European integration 1990 until 2013..................................................................................................45
33. Foreign policy context in the 90s....................................................................................................45
34. Maastricht: aim, results, pillar structure.........................................................................................45
35. Core Europe (Schäuble-Lamers).....................................................................................................48
36. Crisis of the Santer Commission.....................................................................................................49
37. Motives of eastern enlargement. Negotiations..............................................................................49
38. Copenhagen Criteria.......................................................................................................................50
39. Treaty of Amsterdam and Treaty of Nice: main elements..............................................................51
40. Helsinki 1999 and Lisbon Strategy 2000.........................................................................................53
41. Laeken Declaration and consequences...........................................................................................54
Institutional architecture of the EU.......................................................................................................56
42. Explain the 'history' of TEU and TFEU? What are these treaties competent for?...........................56
43. Treaty of Lisbon: main elements what does it mean for the institutions: European Council,
Commission, Council of Ministers, The European Parliament).............................................................58
44. Belgium: where do the concepts 'region' and 'community' stand for?...........................................61
45. How is Belgium represented in the Council of Ministers? How does this system work?................63
Regionalism in the EU...........................................................................................................................64
46. What are the characteristics of the Westphalian state?.................................................................64
47. What are the characteristics of the postmodern order and of the post-Westphalian state?.........66
48. By which developments is the sovereignty of the state being undermined?.................................67
49. What are SNRP? Explain their pro-European stance.......................................................................68
50. How do regions enhance the regional voice in Europe?.................................................................70
EU-Turkey relations..............................................................................................................................71
51. Turkey: basic notions Sèvres-Lausanne and Kemalism...................................................................71
52. Situation of Cyprus (North and South)............................................................................................72
53. Customs Union and Migration deal with Turkey.............................................................................73
,European Integration Until
1957
1. The ideas of Coudenhove-Kalergi and Aristide Briand (who? Period?)
During the inter-war years (1919-1939), ideas were brought about in order to avoid returning conflict
between nations.
- 1923 Richard Coudenhove-kalergi: This Austrian writer and politician was the founder of the first
popular movement for a united Europe (Pan-European Union). He preached the idea of a Pan-
Europe in his manifesto entitled Pan-Europa. This political union of European or United States
of Europe was necessary as a counterforce against Asia, Russia and The US.
This Pan-Europe had to preserve, peace, freedom and wealth for its inhabitants (aspects that
inspired the EU directly).
In order to establish this structure, it was essential for France and Germany to sed aside their
disagreements and focus on the aspects they had in common while Scandinavian countries had a
mediating role. (F and G had big disagreements however Kalergi says that they need to focus on
the aspects they had in common)
- 1929/30 Aristide Briand: As foreign minister for France Briand formulated an original proposal for
a new economic union of Europe as a confederal bond between European states within the
league of Nations (intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world
peace) as an answer to Germany's quick economic recovery and future political power => provide
a framework to contain France's former enemy while preserving as much of the 1919 Versailles
settlement as possible
The Briand plan entailed the economic collaboration of the great industrial areas of Europe and
the provision of political security to Eastern Europe against Soviet threats. The basis was
economic cooperation, but his fundamental concept was political, for it was political power that
would determine economic choices.
(With the death of his principal supporter, German foreign minister Gustav Stresemann, and the
onset of the Great Depression in 1929), Briand's plan was never adopted but it suggested an
economic framework for developments after World War II that eventually resulted in the European
Union.
MAIN DIFFERENCE IN HOW SOVEREIGNTY IS PRESERVED, BUT PHOLOSOPHY BEHIND
THE PLANS IS TO SET-UP STRUCTURES IN ORDER TO PRESERVE PEACE
Kalergi: Federation of europe (State with states)
Briand: Confederation (Group of sovereign states that have things in common. E.g.
defence, currency)
, 1. De ideeën van Coudenhove-Kalergi en Aristide Briand (wie? Periode?)
Tijdens het interbellum (1919-1939) ontstonden ideeën om een terugkeer van het conflict tussen de
naties te voorkomen.
- 1923 Richard Coudenhove-kalergi: (after WOI, 1923) Deze Oostenrijkse schrijver en politicus was
de grondlegger van de eerste volksbeweging voor een verenigd Europa (united Europa/European
federation) (Pan-Europese Unie). Hij predikte het idee van een Pan-Europa in zijn manifest getiteld
Pan-Europa. Deze politieke unie van Europese of Verenigde Staten van Europa was nodig als
tegenmacht tegen Azië, Rusland en de VS.
Dit Pan-Europa moest vrede, vrijheid en welvaart voor zijn inwoners bewaren (aspecten die de EU
rechtstreeks inspireerden). (peace, freedom and wealth)
Om deze structuur tot stand te brengen was het van essentieel belang dat Frankrijk en Duitsland hun
meningsverschillen opzij zetten en zich concentreerden op de aspecten die zij gemeen hadden, terwijl
de Scandinavische landen een bemiddelende rol hadden.
(Founder and ex-president of PANEUROPEAN UNION)
- 1929/30 Aristide Briand: (AWOI, 1929/30) Als minister van Buitenlandse Zaken van Frankrijk
formuleerde Briand een origineel voorstel voor een nieuwe economische unie van Europa als een
confederale band tussen Europese staten binnen de Liga van Naties (intergouvernementele
organisatie met als voornaamste taak het handhaven van de wereldvrede) als antwoord op het snelle
economische herstel en de toekomstige politieke macht van Duitsland => een kader bieden om
Frankrijks voormalige vijand in bedwang te houden terwijl zoveel mogelijk van de regeling van
Versailles van 1919 behouden bleef.
Het plan-Briand behelsde de economische samenwerking van de grote industriële gebieden van
Europa en het bieden van politieke veiligheid aan Oost-Europa tegen Sovjetdreigingen. De basis was
economische samenwerking, maar zijn fundamentele concept was politiek, want het was de politieke
macht die de economische keuzes zou bepalen.
(Met de dood van zijn voornaamste voorstander, de Duitse minister van Buitenlandse Zaken Gustav
Stresemann, en het begin van de Grote Depressie in 1929), werd Briands plan nooit aangenomen,
maar het stelde een economisch kader voor voor ontwikkelingen na de Tweede Wereldoorlog dat
uiteindelijk resulteerde in de Europese Unie.
HET BELANGRIJKSTE VERSCHIL IS HOE DE SOEVEREINITEIT WORDT BEHOUDEN, MAAR DE
FILOSOFIE ACHTER DE PLANNEN IS HET OPZETTEN VAN STRUCTUREN OM DE VREDE TE
BEWAREN.
Kalergi: Federation of europe (State with states)
Briand: Confederation (Group of sovereign states that have things in common. E.g. defence,
currency)
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