NSG- 522 Exam with Complete Solutions 2023

Epidemiology - ANSWER-The core science of public health. "The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this knowledge to the control of health problem" Nature, extent, and cause - ANSWER-Epidemiology studies the _____ of public health problems Epidemics - ANSWER-The origins of epidemiology as a science from the study of ______ of communicable diseases Study - ANSWER-Systematic surveillance, observation, experimentation.... use fo a scientific approach Distribution - ANSWER-Frequency and pattern of health related states and events. Refers to person, place, time Determinants - ANSWER-The physical, biological, social, cultural, economic, and the behavioral factors that influence health Health-related states or events - ANSWER-Includes all health related states and events-- illness, injury, and disability Specified populations - ANSWER-The characteristics of who is healthy, who is at risk for the disease, and who aquires the disease Identify factors associated with the development of disease and factors that prevent illness and promote wellness - ANSWER-Goals of epidemiology: Surveillance - ANSWER-1. Core epidemiological function Field investigations - ANSWER-2. Core epidemiological function Analytic studies - ANSWER-3.Core epidemiological function Evaluation - ANSWER-4. Core epidemiological function Linkages - ANSWER-5. Core epidemiological function Policy - ANSWER-6. Core epidemiological function Descriptive stats - ANSWER-The frequency (number of events) and pattern of health-related states and events. *The who, where, and when, or person place and time* Analytic stats - ANSWER-The why/how or cause and effect-- quantifies the association between exposures and outcomes to determine casual relationships and risk factors Population health - ANSWER-What epidemiology focuses on, never provides direct care to individuals CDC - ANSWER-The ____ works to protect America from health, safety, and security threats both foreign and in the US. The diseases can start here or abroad, be chronic or acute, curable or preventable, from human error or deliberateattack Biostatistics - ANSWER-Epidemiology is a story and ____ backs it up with the numbers and figures Epidemiologic transitions - ANSWER-The change from infectious disease as a predominant cause of mortality to noncommunicable disease as a leading cause of mortality Core epidemiological functions - ANSWER-Surveillance, field investigations, analytic studies, evaluation, linkages, policy Cause - ANSWER-An actual causative agent of a disease Risk factor - ANSWER-Factors or events associated with the disease of interest-- not necessarily direct causes of disease or injury but are associate with the development of it. Ex) poverty, neighborhood, race, education Efficacy - ANSWER-The ability to produce results under ideal conditions (like in a controlled program) Effectiveness - ANSWER-The ability of a program to produce the intended or expected results in the field Efficiency - ANSWER-The ability of the program to produce the intended results with a minimum expenditure of time and resources Acute - ANSWER-Disorder with sudden onset, relatively severe and short in duration of symptoms Chronic - ANSWER-Less severe symptoms but long and continuous in duration that last over long periods of time/ entire lifetime Communicable - ANSWER-The ability of a disease to be transmitted from one person to another or to spread through the population. AKA contagious Chi-square test Spearman correlation coefficient Mann-Whitney test - ANSWER-Which of the following are nonparametric tests? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Chi-square test Dependent t-test Spearman correlation coefficient One-way analysis of variance Mann-Whitney test Not a statistically significant relationship between the variables - ANSWER-A p-value 0.50 from a Spearman Correlation Coefficient would indicate that there is: There is not a statistically significant difference between the groups - ANSWER-An analysis of variance results in a p-value of 0.50. The researcher should conclude that F - ANSWER-T/F: The interpretation of a p-value varies depends on what statistical test was used to obtain the p-value. Independent T-test - ANSWER-When comparing hemoglobin A1C measurements that are normally distributed with no outliers in 2 independent groups, the researcher should use which of the following tests? Repeated measures ANOVA Paired t-test Pearson Correlation coefficient - ANSWER-Which of the following are parametric tests? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Repeated measures ANOVA Paired t-test McNemar test Pearson Correlation coefficient Wilcoxon signed-rank test Statistical significance Strength of the relationship Direction of the relationship - ANSWER-Which of the following can be determined from a Spearman correlation coefficient and its associated p-value? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Statistical significance Risk of a type 2 error Strength of the relationship Direction of the relationship A moderate inverse relationship - ANSWER-A researcher studies the relationship between hours of television watching and BMI. The correlation coefficient is -.35, which indicates Nominal level data Shapiro-Wilk test p-value of .010 Presence of one small outlier - ANSWER-Which of the following would be reasons for using a nonparametric test? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Presence of one small outlier Nominal level data Interval level data Shapiro-Wilk test p-value of .010 One-way ANOVA. - ANSWER-When comparing a ratio level variable that is normally distributed and without outliers in 3 different groups of patients, which statistical test should be used? A very weak relationship between the variables. - ANSWER-A Pearson correlation coefficient is 0.04. This correlation indicates that there is Fisher Exact test - ANSWER-The best test to use when testing for a relationship between 2 dichotomous, independent variables would be a The number of minutes of pumping explains 49% of the variable in milk output. - ANSWER-A researcher studies the relationship between the number of minutes of breast pumping and the amount of milk produced per day in mothers of preterm infants. The R-squared value is 0.49. This finding means that F - ANSWER-T/F: Parametric tests can be used to analyze ordinal variables but not nominal variables. One-way ANOVA - ANSWER-A researcher is comparing the outcome variable of cost in US dollars in 3 independent groups. The data are normally distributed without outliers. The researcher should use which of the following tests to compare the 3 groups? A moderate relationship between the variables - ANSWER-A r-value of 0.33 indicates A Wilcoxon signed-rank test. - ANSWER-When comparing pain scores measured on a scale from 1 to 10 in the same patients before and after receiving a new pain medications, the researcher should use which of the following tests? Chi-square test. - ANSWER-When testing for a relationship between 2 independent, nominal variables, the best test to use would be a/an T - ANSWER-T/F: Pearson correlation coefficients can be positive or negative. Biological/behavioral - ANSWER-Part of BEINGS model: age, gender, weight, bone density and smoking. Alcohol, sexual activity, driving habits Environmental - ANSWER-Part of BEINGS model: a source of infectious and chemical causes of disease Immunological - ANSWER-Part of BEINGS model: personal immunological status, herd and cocooning Nutritional - ANSWER-Part of BEINGS model: dietary intake associated with disease and death Genetic - ANSWER-Part of BEINGS model: single gene disorders, complex disorders, non-mendelian inheritance Service/social/spiritual - ANSWER-Part of BEINGS model: benefits of health services, risks of health services (aka unnecessary procedures and medical errors) and health benefits from social support, religions promoting healthier behaviors (no smoking drinking etc) Web of causation - ANSWER-Model of disease causation: giant web that connects all of the bad things the person does to what they caused Cause of disease - ANSWER-Precedes the effect resulting in disease that can either be a host or environmental factor Risk factor - ANSWER-A factor that is associated with a given outcome, but is not necessarily a cause Spectrum of disease - ANSWER-Describes the severity of disease, it can vary from a very mild case to a fatal one. The natural history describes the progression over time in an untreated individual. T - ANSWER-T/F: The null hypothesis always states that there is no relationship between the variables or differences between the groups. Increases the risk of a type 2 error. - ANSWER-A small sample size... F - ANSWER-T/F: Only p-values .05 or .95 are considered to be statistically significant. A simple random sample - ANSWER-Which of the following samples would provide the best representation of a population. A nonprobability sample. A quota sample A simple random sample A concenience sample. F - ANSWER-T/F: The 95% confidence interval for the mean of a set of observations indicates that 95% of the observations fall within the confidence interval. There is not a statistically significant difference between the groups. - ANSWER-A clinical nurse specialist on an inpatient unit compares two interventions for reducing the number of medication errors. A statistical test comparing the number of errors in each group yields a p-value of 0.50. This p-value indicates that Sampling error - ANSWER-Differences between a sample and the actual population that are due to chance are known as There is a statistically significant difference between the groups - ANSWER-A nurse researcher compares two interventions for preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) in an academic medical center. A statistical test comparing the number of infections in the two groups yields a p-value of 0.01. This p-value means that 0.009, 0.032, 0.010 - ANSWER-Which of the following p-values is/are statistically significant when alpha is set at 0.05? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY 0.010 0.032 0.009 0.100 0.099 Concludes that the groups are different when there is not a real difference between the groups. - ANSWER-When performing a hypothesis test to compare groups, a type I error is made when a researcher incorrectly: Concludes that there is not a difference between the groups when there really is a difference - ANSWER-When performing a hypothesis test, a type II error occurs when the researcher Stratified random sample - ANSWER-Which of the following sampling methods would provide the best representation of a population with the following racial composition: Non Hispanic White = 68%; African American = 15%; Hispanic = 12%; and Asian = 5%? Cluster sample Stratified random sample Quota sample Simple random sample F - ANSWER-T/F: If a hypothesis test identifies a statistically significant finding, that means that the finding should be implemented into clinical practice as quickly as possible. T - ANSWER-T/F: Sample size influences the ability of a hypothesis test to detect a statistically significant difference between groups. Simple random sample, Cluster sample, Systematic sample - ANSWER-Which of the following are examples of probability samples? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Cluster sample Convenience sample Simple random sample Quota sample Systematic sample We can be 95% confident that the true population mean lies within the interval. - ANSWER-A 95% confidence interval for a mean indicates that A subset of the population of interest. - ANSWER-A sample is: F - ANSWER-T/F: The standard error of the mean is a measure of the spread of observations around the mean of the observations. There is a 5% chance of making a type 1 error - ANSWER-When alpha is set at .05, that means that Histogram - ANSWER-What type of graphic display would be the best for a variable measured at the ratio level? Explains what the variable means. - ANSWER-The conceptual definition of a variable: The difference between the largest and smallest values. - ANSWER-The statistical range is The interquartile range - ANSWER-When reporting the median for a variable, what measure of spread should be reported? T - ANSWER-T/F: The frequency and relative frequency presented as a percentage should be reported when describing nominal level data. The outcome variable. - ANSWER-The dependent variable is: Box-and-whisker plot with Tukey Fences. - ANSWER-Outliers can be identified using a (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) Histogram. Box-and-whisker plot with Tukey Fences. Stem-and-leaf plot. Bar chart. Whether the data are normally distributed, The presence or absence of outliers. - ANSWER-The decision to use the median or mean is based upon: (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) Whether the data are normally distributed. Which statistical tests will be used for hypothesis testing. The guidelines of the journal where the data will be published. The presence or absence of outliers. T - ANSWER-T/F: The median is the number in the middle of the observations, when the observations are arranged from smallest to largest 50% - ANSWER-What percentage of scores fall between the first and third quartile? Reliability - ANSWER-Testing a new piece of equipment to ensure that the equipment consistently provides that same measurement when the same variable is measured multiple times is an example of Mode - ANSWER-The most frequently occurring number in a set of numbers is the Interval - ANSWER-Level of measurement: Temperature in Celsius Nominal - ANSWER-Level of measurement: Disease status (present or absent) Ratio - ANSWER-Level of measurement: Weight in Kg Nominal - ANSWER-Level of measurement: Gender (self-reported) Ordinal - ANSWER-Level of measurement: Satisfaction with care (scale 1-10) Ratio - ANSWER-Level of measurement: Hemoglobin A1C Ratio - ANSWER-Level of measurement: Time in minutes Ordinal - ANSWER-Level of measurement: Level of education Ratio - ANSWER-Level of measurement: Oxygen saturation in a person Ordinal - ANSWER-Level of measurement: Pain scale 0-10 68% - ANSWER-What percentage of observations fall within + 1 standard deviation of the mean? Stem-and-leaf plot., Box-and-whisker plot., Histogram. - ANSWER-Height recorded in centimeters should be displayed using SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Stem-and-leaf plot. Box-and-whisker plot. Bar chart. Histogram. T - ANSWER-T/F: The mean is the arithmetic average of the observations. Interquartile range - ANSWER-In a box-and-whisker plot, the length of the box is equal to the: F - ANSWER-T/F: The reliability of a weight measurement obtained with an electronic scale refers to the accuracy of the measurement. Histogram - ANSWER-Satisfaction with care is rated on a scale from 1 (extremely dissatisfied) to 6 (extremely satisfied). The scores would best be displayed using a" Frequencies, percentages - ANSWER-A variable was recoded as disease present, disease not present, or unknown. When performing the descriptive statistics, which of the following should be used? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY