NYSTCE CST 245 Arts and Science Exam with complete solutions

Seasonal changes - Answer- moon orbits earth once per month Yearly Changes - Answer- earth orbits around the moon one time per year physical change - Answer- A change in a substance that does not change its identity chemical change - Answer- charastics change in state or phase transformation of energy examples - Answer- Chemical Energy is converted to Electrical Energy (stove), Kinetic Energy (car), Electricity (power plant), and Mechanical Energy (space shuttle). Electricity is converted to light (light bulb) and sound and light (TV). effects of common forces - Answer- accelerate in body is in motion if at rest conservation of energy - Answer- Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes nation-state - Answer- A country who's population share a common identity. nationalism - Answer- Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality Fuedalism - Answer- political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords and vassals where the lords let them rent land for a price resource - Answer- A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use. cultural diffusion - Answer- The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another Ecology - Answer- The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment Six Elements of Geography - Answer- 1. The World in Spatial Terms 2. Places and Regions 3. Physical Systems 4. Human Systems 5. Environment and Society 6. The Uses of Geography Scarcity - Answer- Limited quantities of resources to meet unlimited wants oppertunity cost - Answer- cost of the loss of the next most desireable good or service that could have been produced with a recource Checks and Balances - Answer- A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power democratic - Answer- ruled by the people. In a democracy, citizens elect representatives to make and carry out laws. Authoritarian - Answer- A government in which one leader or group of people holds absolute power. Due Process - Answer- (law) the administration of justice according to established rules and principles Federalism - Answer- a form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states seperation of powers - Answer- dividing the powers of government among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches Declaration of Independence - Answer- Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state. U.S. Constitution - Answer- A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed. Major Civil Rights Legislation - Answer- ended segregation consitution of the state of new york - Answer- establishes the structure of the government of the State of New York, and enumerates the basic rights of the citizens of New York Rule of Law - Answer- principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern Due Process - Answer- fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement. Female Suffrage - Answer- The right for women to vote. Became a popular idea in the 1900s. jim crow laws - Answer- Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites Principles of Art - Answer- Balance, emphasis, movement, proportion, rhythm, unity, and variety string instruments - Answer- violin, viola, cello, bass percussion instruments - Answer- instruments that produce a sound when struck or shaken woodwind instruments - Answer- flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon brass instruments - Answer- trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba Electronic Instruments - Answer- produce and amplify sound through electronic means pitch (music) - Answer- how high or low a note is tempo (music) - Answer- refers to the speed of a musical work manual dexterity - Answer- (n) good at working with hands (khéo tay) call-and response songs - Answer- an adult sings questions and children sing back the answers Ballads - Answer- Song like poems that tell a story, often dealing with adventure and romance work songs - Answer- type of folk song used during work to regulate physical activity or engage worker's attention Folk songs - Answer- a song that originates in traditional popular culture or that is written in such a style. pantomime - Answer- Acting without words Locomotor - Answer- Movement, motor skills, walking, hopping, skipping manipulative skills - Answer- A set of skills in which one handles objects with the hands, feet or other body parts. altimeter - Answer- uses airpressure to record height eg. height of a plane anemometer - Answer- An instrument used to measure wind speed Angiosperms - Answer- A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary. which may mature to a fruit annuals - Answer- Plants that die after one growing season aurora borealis - Answer- a colorful, glowing display in the sky caused when particles from the sun strike oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the ionosphere; also called the Northern Lights bacillus - Answer- Rod shaped bacteria Carcinogen - Answer- A cancer-causing substance carcinoma - Answer- a cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs. chinook wind - Answer- A warm, dry wind on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains. Commensalism - Answer- an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm. convection - Answer- The transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a liquid or gas El Nino - Answer- (oceanography) a warm ocean current that flows along the equator from the date line and south off the coast of Ecuador at Christmas time epicenter - Answer- the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake Estuary - Answer- A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean. Gametes - Answer- a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. Zygote - Answer- fertilized egg diploid cell - Answer- A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent. haploid cell - Answer- A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n). Interferons - Answer- interfere with viral replication within cells Isotope - Answer- Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons knot - Answer- Velocity of one nautical mile per hour lenticular clouds - Answer- A cloud in the shape of a lens. Nimbostratus - Answer- Dark stratus clouds that bring rain. Permafrost - Answer- permanently frozen ground Phylum - Answer- in classification, a group of closely related classes Phloem - Answer- The vascular tissue through which food moves in some plants virga - Answer- perceptiation that evaporates before it reaches earth surface. allegory - Answer- art that represents or symbolizes some idea or quality. amphora - Answer- egg shaped grecian urn annealing - Answer- softening by heating glass or metal that has become hardened Arebesque - Answer- Very intricate designs based on plant forms. atrium - Answer- open rectangular court in the front of a church baluster - Answer- a small curved post or pillar batten - Answer- strips of wood used as a base for plastering or for attaching tile bevel - Answer- to round off a sharp edge biscuit - Answer- unglazed porcelain bust - Answer- a sculpture depicting a head, neck, and upper chest of a figure casement - Answer- a window that opens on hinges along its side Chancel - Answer- The portion of the church surrounding the altar, usually enclosing the clergy; area behind the altar or communion rail. decoupage - Answer- Cutting out designs to be used in a collage. niche - Answer- a wall recess obelisk - Answer- A tall, four-sided pillar that is pointed on top parquet - Answer- floor made of wood strips inlaid in a mosaic like matter; CF. strip: long narrow piece sarcophagus - Answer- stone coffin sizing - Answer- gluelike material used to stiffen paper or to seal a wall or canvas tempera - Answer- a type of painting that binds the pigment with a mixture of egg and water or egg and oil vihara - Answer- Buddhist monastery Monarchy - Answer- A government ruled by a king or queen republic - Answer- rule by law Theocracy - Answer- A government controlled by religious leaders Bill of Rights, 1791 - Answer- The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed to assuage the fears of Anti-Federalists (personal Liberty) First Admendment - Answer- freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of the press, right of assembly, right to petition Fourth Admendment - Answer- this admendment stats that there shall be no unreasonable searches and/or seizures. One must get a search warrent to look through one's property Fifth Amendment - Answer- A constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without due process of law. Indian Removal Act - Answer- Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West. Trail of Tears - Answer- The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. Civil War () - Answer- deadliest war in American history; conflict between north (union) and south (confederacy); 11 southern slave states wanted to secede from Union Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) - Answer- Supreme Court decision that overturned the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision (1896); led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court ruled that "separate but equal" schools for blacks were inherently unequal and thus unconstitutional. The decision energized the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s. Founding Fathers - Answer- representatives from each of the 13 colonies who decided to meet and write a document stating their reasons for separation and independence from England