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Samenvatting Engels Cultuur En Geschiedenis: US part
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- Universiteit Antwerpen (UA)
Samenvatting van het vak Engels Cultuur & Geschiedenis, het deel van de US gegeven door Frank Albers
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Par: attapriajeng • 5 mois de cela
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THE EARLY DAYSEUROPEANS & NATIVE AMERICANS
ARRIVAL OF THE EUROPEANS
Health Europeans & Native Americans made each other sick: new diseases & viruses, many ppl died
Religion - EU: personal god, individual relationship with god, mostly Protestantism, other beliefs
are inferior (god prefers white ppl)
- NA: pantheism: everything including nature is divine, humans & animals are equal, no
personal god
Land - EU: land = commodity (can be exchanged in the market), land can be used to make
money and owned individually
- NA: land = sacred, has to be respected and belongs to everyone
most conflicts between Europeans & Native Americans were caused by land
Europeans thought of themselves as bringers of civilization to a barbaric wilderness
IMPORTANT EVENTS
Indian removal act 1830: president Andrew Jackson: getting rid of all Indians east of mississipi &
move them west by marching (many ppl died because of the distance)
Trail of Tears Forced march of the Indians to the west (Oklahoma = reserved for the Indians)
Indian appropriation act 1851: beginning of Indian reservation system: giving land to indians to make
sure they stay there (often infertile land)
controlled by white ppl: made their life hell <-> many tribes rebelled: war
Dawes Act 1887: officially ended reservation system to destroy Indian self government
they didn’t want indians to be able to organise themselves & wanted them to
assimilate within the white culture by weakening them
- land belonging to indians was split up, land was individualised
- reservation system was turned into sth much worse
- indians were forced to gain american citizenship
Wounded Knee 1890: place in South Dakota: genocide of the Indians by white ppl
COLONIAL AMERICA
IMPORTANT DATES
- 1619: first African laborers as indentured servants
o = sb who was given the chance to be transported to the new world, had to work for a couple
of years and is free afterwards
- 1620: pilgrims came to America on the Mayflower (ship): experiment to bring civilization
o They failed in setting up ‘The New World’
o Separatists arose: they turned their back to Europe, Europe was lost
- 1630: Puritans came to the US, = hardcore protestants: hated every form of entertainment
o Led by priest John Winthrop on a ship called Arbella
Speech ‘some of you will be leaders, but some of you will be poor
Plead for class society, not a democracy
o Wanted to set up a true Christian Utopia, to serve as an example to the rest of the world
KEY TERMS
1
, Patricians People who were rich and powerful
Plebeians People who were not rich and not powerful
Face-to-face society Everybody knows each other interdependency, needed each other
Defamation Importance of reputation in small town: importance of a good name
no distinction between public & private sphere
defamation: talking badly about someone else
Friendship = social network: ppl depend on each other & therefore not free
Husbandry ‘to husband’ = to trade well with little means, being careful with limited budget
Book accounts They kept track of the lending and borrowing system between ppl (you owe me)
Proprietary wealth Rich people extended their money through farm loans, rents, interests, etc.
Patronage Governing force of the social elite (NL: vriendjespolitiek)
‘you help me get votes & get elected, I give you a good job
Society at that time Agrarian & hierarchical: all men were created unequal
THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
1763: beginning of the war because of the Seven Years’ War:
England just won 7 years war from France: they claimed Canada + the East of Mississippi
England gained a lot of land: how to use/protect it? financial problem: how to fund it?
o Grenville (secretary of finance) discovered that running custom houses was more expensive
then what customs actually yielded
o Consequence = England started series of attempts to raise money in and of the colonies (tax)
TAXATION ACTS
- 1764 Sugar Act: tax on import of foreign goods
- 1765 Stamp Act: all official documents needed to be written on stamped paper, with an official stamp
o You have to pay fort his stamp <-> colonists didn’t like this and started protesting
Revolution: no taxation without representation (in the British Parliament)
Colonies boycotted the stamp act by not following it
o Introduction of custom commissioners: looked into financial dealings of colonies, making sure
they pay taxes
IMPORTANT EVENTS
Atmosphere got really bad after custom commissioners: Redcoats were send to colonies to make them behave
1770 Boston Massacre: redcoats (uniform of British army) opened fire
o <-> only killed 5 ppl (still called massacre)
1773 Tea Act: East India Compagnie got into financial trouble
o This act enabled them to sell tea directly into retail sales, so they could skip the small
intermediate steps in the selling process (which saved money)
1773 Boston Tea Party: American colonists dumped tea into the harbor
o they were mad for the taxed the British government implemented
1774 Coercive Acts: forbade traffic in and out Boston harbor
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