WGU C273 Introduction to Sociology Unit 1 NEW VERSION 100% PASS

WGU C273 Introduction to Sociology Unit 1 NEW VERSION 100% PASS Whose ideas are the basis for the conflict perspective? Karl Marx What is the best summary of George Herbert Mead's theory of social interactions? No one is born knowing how to communicate with one another, and people have to learn what symbols mean and how to use them. How might a functionalist classify the popularity and prominence of football in American society? Football is almost a religious institution that uses rituals to reinforce common American values, such as competition, and it serves as an outlet for aggression in order to help maintain social cohesion. A functionalist would say that football serves a specific purpose in society in order to help it better function. Why are operational definitions of variables necessary for research? Variables need established operational definitions so that they can be measured and the data can be analyzed. A researcher tests a sample of elementary school children in the United States on their reading abilities and also counts the number of books in their homes. He finds that those children who have books in their home have better reading skills. What is this an example of? correlation Which of the following is an advantage of field research? It can offer a lot of detail about a topic. If you wanted to compare the attitudes of Virginia residents towards gun control with the attitudes of Oregon residents, which research method would you choose? survey The ability to recognize the societal forces that influence individual behavior and attitude is known as sociological imagination The requirement that all participants in a study be aware of potential risks is known as __________. informed consent A sociologist analyzing the language of job ads from the early twentieth century looking for gender bias would be an example of which type of research? content analysis Luciana is a sociologist who studies the experience of first-generation Latinx families in St. Louis. She is asked by a non-profit to consult on how to decrease the stigmatization faced by prisoners upon their release from prison. What ethical issue does Luciana potentially face? expertise Auguste Comte employed which of the following philosophical systems which studied society through a scientific lens? positivism The phenomenon that refers to a change in a subject's behavior in an experiment or study because they know they are being observed. Hawthorne effect The academic study of social behavior using empirical investigation and analysis to draw conclusions about social order, disorder, and change. sociology W.E.B. DuBois' concept of a feeling of "twoness" where the experience of one's identity is fragmented into several contradictory facets, making it hard to develop a sense of self. double consciousness Objects, words, or actions that stand for something else. symbols The term coined by C. Wright Mills to describe a way of understanding the world that involves thinking about things from different perspectives and putting personal circumstances into a wider context. sociological imagination A type of field research in which the researcher observes what is being studied. direct observation Research that describes a problem or situation. descriptive research The application of the scientific approach to the social world in order to understand it. positivism The unconscious or unrecognized consequences of an action within the framework of a social group. latent function The stated, intended consequences of an institution, action, or social group. manifest function A process in society that disrupts the social system or reduces its stability. dysfunction A type of field work in which the researcher observes and participates in the activity being studied participant observation A type of research focusing on data that can be measured numerically (typically emphasizing complex statistical techniques. quantitative In statistics, bias is a feature of the statistical technique or inputs, which causes the study results not to accurately reflect reality. bias The group (usually of people) about whom we want to be able to draw conclusions. population A term that describes professionals who use sociological theories and methods outside of academic settings in order to produce social change. applied sociology A process in society that contributes to the social system and its stability. function A tentative statement of the relationship between two or more concepts. hypothesis External circumstances or events that have an effect on the way individual people behave, such as economy, religion, or government. social facts An applied practice of sociology that focuses on health intervention, such as working with medical practitioners, community health services, social policy and public health campaigns. clinical sociology Émile Durkheim's explanation for the way in modern societies rely on differentiation to form social bonds. Different parts of society function as a whole, much like an organism. organic solidarity The name given to theories about society which claimed to apply concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology. social Darwinism A systematic study of people and cultures, where the researcher observes the people or society being studied from the point of view of the subject being studied. ethnography A formal organization that has defined terms of membership, written governance, and written communication, as well as a division of labor, responsibility, and accountability. bureaucracy A factor that can vary or change from one case to another. variable Research that explains why a social phenomenon occurs. explanatory research A type of research focusing on observations or descriptions and using these to analyze underlying meanings, patterns, or themes of social relationships. qualitative The extent or degree of statistical association among two or more variables. correlation One of the most important rules that govern research on humans; it requires that participants in a study are aware of all of the potential risks, health, emotional, that could result from their participation. informed consent A subset of the population observed for the purposes of making inferences about the nature of the larger population of interest. sample Defines a trait or characteristic in terms of a process, test, or unit of measure that is needed to determine its existence, duration, and quantity. It makes a hypothesis about a characteristic testable. operational definition Any kind of communication between people that is understood to have meaning. social interactions The relationship of cause and effect between variables. causation Social bonds in small traditional societies which are based on common values. mechanical solidarity Replacing traditional motives, values, and emotions for social action with rational, calculated ones, a replacement that leads to more efficient social institutions. rationalization Occurs when the differences between the groups being studied are the result of factors other than chance. statistically significant A set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and sometimes predict social events. theory A sociologist conducts a study of a city where a high number of people become famous musicians, in order to understand the reasons for this phenomenon. What is this an example of? explanatory research What was Karl Marx's contribution to the field of sociology? His writings formed the basis of conflict perspective in sociology. Imagine a study in which a sociologist wants to see how long different employees in an office take to eat lunch, since he believes they probably take longer than their allotted half hour. He goes to the office, makes the reason for his study known, and observes the employees for a month. No one takes longer than 20 minutes to eat. What is the name for a possible explanation of why this is? Hawthorne effect How did Auguste Comte's original conception of sociology differ from previous studies of society? Comte applied scientific observations to the study of society in hopes of improving it. A sociologist works for a children's television program and advises about the social implications of what children will learn from the program. What is this an example of? applied sociology What are some of the limitations of a survey as a research tool? People may not accurately report their own experiences, and the questions themselves may shape the responses gathered. What does it mean for results to be statistically significant? It means the results have probably not occurred by chance. When might a researcher choose to take a sample rather than measuring the entire population? When the population is too large for every member to be measured. How does the work of both Karl Marx and Max Weber set the field of sociology apart from anthropology? Both deal with modern rather than pre-modern societies. Which of the following is the best example of a situation in which the sociological imagination would have some insight? A student recognizes that she may be avoiding studying because her peers make her feel unaccepted when she gets a good grade. Rationalization was introduced by which thinker? Max Weber The _____________ places emphasis on symbols and how they influence social interactions and, in turn, society. symbolic interactionist perspective The _____________ studies two different sorts of outcomes: one is intended by the institution or social group; the other is unintended or unrecognized. conflict perspective Including a facial expression or object emoticon in a text message or email exemplifies the _____________. symbolic interactionist perspective Philosopher Karl Marx was a proponent of the _____________. conflict perspective The negative impact that dysfunction has on the balance of a society is related to the _____________. functionalist perspective The _____________ believes that social classes and social inequality will inevitably lead to struggles for power. conflict perspective Which of the following perspectives would focus on the social significance of rituals like handshakes, hugs, or high fives? Symbolic interactionist perspective Which of the following perspectives would focus on the social inequalities that exist in capitalist societies? Conflict perspective A feminist perspective is closest to which other major sociological perspective? Conflict perspective What are some of the limitations of a survey as a research tool? People may not accurately report their own experiences, and the questions themselves may shape the responses gathered. What does it mean for results to be statistically significant? It means the results have probably not occurred by chance. When might a researcher choose to take a sample rather than measuring the entire population? When the population is too large for every member to be measured. What is sociology? the academic study of social behavior In what kind of settings can sociology be used? academics, policy research and criminal justice Which of the following statements best describes the sociological imagination? It looks at personal issues from a wider, more general perspective. What is a hypothesis? a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more concepts What is the first step of the sociological research process? Ask a question. What is a theory? a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and sometimes predict social events Which of the following is not a major sociological perspective? drive perspective What is the difference between correlation and causation? Correlation means two variables are related, while causation means that one variable causes the other. Who introduced the idea of double consciousness? W.E.B. DuBois What is the research method called when a person observes and records in-depth detailed information about a group of people? ethnography