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Begrippenlijst van het hele blok, zowel international law als European Union law
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DefinitielijstProbleem 1
The right to self-determination: all peoples have a right to freely determine their political status and to
pursue their economic, social and cultural development.
Internal self-determination: people pursue their political, economic, social and cultural development
within the framework of an existing state.
External self-determination: the option of seceding, but this only appears in the most extreme cases.
Accretion: new land is created by nature.
Erosion: the disappearance of territory by natural forces.
Avulsion: the changes of accretion.
Occupation: a state can obtain title to territory that has never been the subject of any state.
Terra nullius: territory that has never been the subject of any state.
Res communis: this refers to an area that is not subject to the legal title of any state.
Prescription: obtaining title to territory previously under the sovereignty of another state.
Conquering: the presence of the foreign state does not transfer any sovereignty. The displaced
sovereign loses de facto possession, but it does not lose de jure possession.
Declaratory view: the creation of states is a matter of law and the fulfilment of legal criteria. The most
important criteria is effectiveness.
Constitutive view: when a state is recognizes as such by other states, it is a state.
Montevideo criteria: a state possesses a permanent population, a defined territory, a government and
a capacity to enter into relations with other states.
Permanent population: someone has to live on the territory.
Defined territory: there has to be a territory defined by authorities on a consistent area.
Government: someone must exercise control over the territory and be able to run the state and make
sure it’s able to fulfil its international obligations.
State succession: the replacement of one state by another in the responsibility for the international
relations of territory.
Principle of uti possidetis juris: the geographical boundaries that are created by treaties remain in
force, regardless of whether the boundaries coincide with ethnic, tribal, religious or political
affiliations.
Territorial dispute: a boundary agreed upon in a treaty, achieves a permanence which the treaty itself
does not necessarily enjoy. The treaty can cease to be in force without in any way affecting the
continuance of the boundary.
Probleem 2
Customary international law: binds all states and arises when the objective and subjective conditions
are fulfilled.
Objective condition: a general practice among states.
Consistent repetition of a particular behaviour: for a considerable period of time states have acted in a
certain manner when confronted with the same facts.
Act of a state: an act that has consistency, duration and generality.
Consistency: requires that practice is reasonably uniform.
Duration: practice generally evolves slowly and gradually over time, often through years of repeated
behaviour.
Generality: practice should include the majority of states. The practice by states whose interests are
specially affected is particularly relevant.
Subjective condition: the belief that the practice is legally binding.
Crystallizing effect: treaty-based obligations are identical to obligations in customary law and reinforce
each other.
Lex posterior: which is later in time prevails.
Constitutive treaty: a treaty that establishes an international institution and specifies the functions and
competences of that institution.
Probleem 3
Rules of secondary nature: determine the consequences of violating the primary rules
, Due diligence principle: a state is obliged to seek to prevent all activities that occur in its own territory
from causing significant damage in another state.
Organ: any person or entity with an official status in the internal law of the state.
Act of governmental authority: the content of the powers granted as well as the way they are
conferred to on an entity, the purposes for which they are to be exercised and the extent to which the
entity is accountable to government for their exercise.
Ultra vires: the organ or official stated contrary to orders and instructions or in excess of authority.
Material damage: losses measurable in financial terms.
Moral damage: more intangible losses, including pain and suffering.
The injured state: the state whose rights have been violated or denied.
Obligation erga omnes: if such norms are breached all states have a legal interest in invoking them.
Erga omnes partes: obligations owed to a group of States and established for the protection of a
collective interest of the group. Here, a non-injured state among the group of states can invoke the
responsibility of another state.
Pure erga omnes obligations: owed to all states.
Diplomatic protection: a right for a state to invoke the international responsibility of another state for
wrongful acts against a natural or legal person who is a national of the invoking state.
International organization: an organization established by a treaty or other instrument governed by
international law and possessing its own international legal personality.
Agent: includes individuals without official positions in the organization if they perform conduct on the
instruction or under the direction or control of the organization.
Effective control: factual control and operational control is more important than ultimate control.
Decisive is who actually directs the forces when the relevant conduct occurs. All factual circumstances
and the special context of the case must be taken into account.
Consent: if a state consents to the commission of an act it precludes the wrongfulness of the act if it
does not exceed the limits of the consent.
Force majeure: a state may justify non-performance of an obligation in the case of the occurrence of
an irresistible force or of an unforeseen event, beyond the control of the State that makes is materially
impossible in the circumstances to perform the obligation.
Necessity: relates to the rare cases where the only way for a state to safeguard an essential interest
that is threatened by a grave and imminent peril is, for the time being, to refrain from performing
another international obligation that is considered to be of a lesser weight of urgency.
Peremptory norm: at a minimum, the crime of genocide, the prohibition of torture, the ban on slavery,
privacy, aggression, crimes against humanity, the right to self-determination and the prohibition of
apartheid and other formed of gross racial discrimination.
Probleem 4
Jus ad bellum: when and for what purposes a state may use force against another state.
Force: limited to armed measures.
Territorial integrity: a state may not exercise its physical power in any form in the territory of another
state.
Non-intervention: a state may not intervene in the internal affairs of another state.
Necessity (self-defence): a state must ascertain if other, more peaceful, means of redress are available
before using force in self-defence. Self-defence is a last resort.
Immediacy: the response to an armed attack should be undertaken either while the attack is still in
progress or at least not too long thereafter. Should be interpreted a bit flexbile.
Proportionality (self-defence): requires the victim state to strike a fair balance between the armed
attack and the measures taken to stop it. To assess it, one must identify the legitimate aim of the use
of force and then determine if the force used is excessive in order to achieve that aim.
Necessity (non-UN-authorized use of force): the host state is unable or unwilling to secure the safety
of the individuals.
Proportionality (non-UN-authorized use of force): a rescue operation cannot pursue goals other than
to evacuate the nationals.
Access to the Court: concerns who may bring or be brought before the Court.
Jus in bello: how military hostilities must be conducted.
Jurisdiction: concerns whether the Court has the power to settle a dispute that is brought before it.
Explicit agreement: the parties agree to submit a particular dispute to the Court.
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