WGU C273 Introduction to Sociology Unit 3 NEW VERSION

WGU C273 Introduction to Sociology Unit 3 NEW VERSION Already Passed Why can't "people with blue eyes" be categorized as an aggregate? The members of this group are not necessarily united in time and space. Which quality is required to be members of a primary group? that the relationship endure regardless of whether a functional reason to interact exists. Primary group members do not have to be family. The relationship does not have to be lifelong, and the relationship does not have to be rooted in a functional purpose. Which is an example of a dysfunction of bureaucracy? Sanjay has been fairly unmotivated at work recently. He is on a large team of people, each responsible for a specific piece of a long process. His job is simple, repetitive, and no one looks over his shoulder. Which is the best way to describe groupthink? the conformity that groups exhibit during a decision-making process How could one reduce social loafing? make sure each individual's work is reviewed, and that he or she is given praise or criticism New dancers who recently joined Ben's dance team are extremely talented. Ben then decides to spend additional time after practice perfecting his technique. Which of the following social groups is Ben responding to in his behavior? reference group How would Robert Merton describe an individual who rejected the socially acceptable goals of society, as well as the means to achieve these goals, and subsequently created new goals and means? rebel Which of the following is an example of a victimless crime? a man getting drunk in public The home and front yard of a gay couple is vandalized with garbage and spray paint. Which of the following would this crime likely be considered? hate crime Which of the following would be considered an act of deviance in the United States? being rude and disruptive in class What is a conflict perspective on deviance? Deviance is defined by the people who are in control in society. People used to consider alcoholics morally blameworthy; now they are considered to have an illness. What is this an example of? the medicalization of deviance An in-group is _______. a group to which an individual belongs Jim steps into a building's elevator with many other random people. How would you describe this collection of humans? aggregate Which is not a characteristic of bureaucracy as defined by Weber? government regulation Which type of organization maintains membership by paying members? utilitarian Solomon Asch performed a famous experiment in 1956 that demonstrated which sociological phenomenon? conformity Running a prostitution ring and engaging in drug trafficking are both examples of what type of crime? organized crime Kevin wants to make a lot of money but because he struggles to get a job, he holds up a sign asking for money. Merton would characterize Kevin's response as: innovation Which is an example of role conflict? Your sister starts working at your company, adding a new status of "coworker." How would a sociologist working from the symbolic interactionist perspective describe a convict's return to criminal behavior after being released from prison? Once labeled as deviant, the convict internalizes the label and therefore continues to commit deviant acts. Which of the following behaviors might be defined as deviant by sociologists? drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, living in a cabin without running water and electricity getting multiple facial piercings If you are working on a group project with your classmates, which of the following is NOT helpful for reducing social loafing? Having management emphasize the importance of the task. A woman has a child, and she is torn between taking more time off to spend with her newborn or going back to work. She knows that if she misses too much work, she will miss out on potential advancement opportunities, but she also wants to focus her attention on her child. This is an example of ___________. role conflict How do out-groups primarily aid in socialization? They help an individual define what they are and are not. When the head of Academic Affairs in a university retires, he or she is simply replaced by another capable employee. What characteristic of bureaucracies is this an example of? interchangeability How are aggregates and categories similar? You probably do not know people in either your aggregate or your category. A formal organization that has defined terms of membership, written governance, and written communication, as well as a division of labor, responsibility, and accountability. bureaucracy A dynamic of conformity that describes the tendency to assume that the group judgment or answer is accurate. informational social influence When an organization redefines its goals, mission, and purpose after it has reached its objectives in order to maintain its existence. goal displacement All the statuses that one person has. status set Targeted, negative behavior directed toward others due to their membership in a particular group. discrimination An organization that an individual is forced to join; these organizations often work to resocialize their members to conform to specific, strict rules for behavior and attitude. coercive organization An organization that an individual is forced to join; these organizations often work to resocialize their members to conform to specific, strict rules for behavior and attitude. coercive organization A leader focused on completing the task at hand, reaching goals, and ensuring that each individual is completing his or her work. instrumental leader In sociology, a group comprising two people. dyad People that come together in proximity for a short period of time, without regularity, and without knowing one another. aggregate The set of behaviors, actions and qualities expected of a certain role. role expectation A group to which an individual feels that they do not belong and does not identify with. out-group Preferences, advantages, and favorable judgment given to members of one's in-group over members of an out-group. in-group favoritism People with whom an individual shares a functional relationship; the length of interaction is typically shorter and oriented around a common task. secondary group A group of people with whom an individual shares long-lasting, personal relationships. primary group Occurs when an individual or group must weigh personal benefit against the well-being of society. social dilemma Groups comprised of secondary members that organize for an explicit purpose. formal organizations A smaller group of people within a larger group. faction An organization that maintains membership through payment. utilitarian organization A group to which an individual feels that they belong. in-group The act of judging another group's heritage or culture by the standards and values inherent in one's own culture. ethnocentrism Organization that an individual joins willingly because its purpose aligns with his or her interests, beliefs, or values. voluntary organization A position given by society. status The process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group. conformity The behaviors and attitudes expected of someone inhabiting a certain status. role When members of a group exert less effort on a common task than they would if they were working individually. social loafing The dynamic of conformity that is influenced by the desire to be accepted and liked by a group. normative social influence Competing demands or expectations between multiple statuses. role conflict The conformity that frequently occurs in the decision-making processes of very close groups. groupthink An evaluation and unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. prejudice In sociology, people that share a trait or characteristic, such as age or eye color. category Any group to which an individual compares him or herself. reference group In sociology, a group comprising three people. triad Competing demands or expectations within a given status. role strain A leader focused on the group's morale and dynamics; typically this person acts as a mediator and motivator. expressive leader A status that overrides other statuses a person may have. master status How would a conflict theorist explain the low rates of arrest and incarceration for white-collar crimes? White-Collar crime is often perpetrated by wealthy individuals who have the resources to avoid encounters with the law. Why is it difficult for sociologists to define an action or behavior as absolutely deviant? the definition of deviance can change depending on the circumstances. Robert Merton believed that __________ contributes to deviance and crime. structural strain How does the medicalization of deviance benefit certain members of society? People are less likely to be blamed for their condition if it is considered a disease rather than deviant behavior. What are two contributions of the symbolic interactionist perspective on deviance? labeling theory and differential association theory. Societal expectation for behavior. social norms Behavior or action that violates a society's legal code. crime The response to social strain of pursuing the socially-promoted goal through an illegitimate or alternative means. innovation A negative label attached to a person, behavior, or circumstance that distinguishes him or her from the rest of society. stigma A crime that is motivated by biases based on characteristics of the victim such as race, gender, gender identity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, and ethnicity. hate crime One of the five possible responses to social strain which accepts both the socially-promoted goals and the legitimate means of pursuing them. conformity The theory that how people are labeled or identified will influence their self-identification or behavior. labeling theory A crime that involves only the perpetrator or two consenting adults, such as the consumption of illegal drugs or prostitution. victimless crime The process by which certain human problems and conditions are redefined as medical conditions, and therefore treated as a disease or illness. medicalization A type of crime that involves executives violating laws in order to benefit their corporation. corporate crime A crime to obtain money, property, or some other material benefit. property crime The response to social strain of rejecting both the socially-promoted goal and the legitimate means to attain it, while substituting new goals and means. rebellion Actions, behaviors, traits, or characteristics that violate socially accepted standards or norms. deviance Society's attempts to regulate and govern people's behavior, which can be through formal or informal means. social control An enterprise run by individuals who engage in illegal activity, usually for money or profit, that often involves the sale of illegal goods and services. organized crime A crime in which violence is used or threatened. violent crime The response to social strain of giving up on or rejecting the socially-approved goal, but sticking with the legitimate means to achieve that goal. ritualism Nonviolent crime often committed by business professionals or someone of high social status who is motivated by financial gain. white-collar crime The response to social strain of rejecting both the socially-approved goal and the legitimate means to achieve it. retreatism Edwin Sutherland's theory that people learn criminal behavior from others in their communities; that is, criminal behavior is taught. differential association The typology of responses to a mismatch between socially-promoted goals and legitimate means. structural strain theory Functionalists believe that the function of imprisonment is to deter crime through a negative sanction. What is a sanction? The reward or punishment people in society give an individual in order to enforce social norms. Which of the following is NOT directly a factor that leads both men and women to commit crimes at greater rates? Living in economically deprived neighborhoods Which of the following is an example of a victimless crime? Illegal drug use Why could the functionalist perspective on deviance be considered counterintuitive? It asserts that deviance contributes to the stability of society. What is the difference between a retreatist and a rebel, according to Robert Merton's five-part typology of deviance? Both a retreatist and a rebel reject the socially acceptable goals and means; a rebel creates a new set of goals and means. Labeling theory can explain which societal problem? Former convicts relapsing into criminal activity Aaron has a close family. He identifies strongly as a member of his family. Which of the following statements is true relative to Aaron's situation? Aaron's family is both his primary group and his in-group. A _________ is a group of people a person compares him or herself to. Reference group Which of the following is an example of role strain? Emmanuel is a manager at a company. He needs to get a project done soon. One of his most valuable employees is available but dislikes the work that needs to be done. Emmanuel struggles between the risk of missing the deadline or alienating the employee.