Chapter 2: The Presocratic Sophos fully solved 2023

Chapter 2: The Presocratic Sophos fully solved 2023Sophos - correct answer Sage or wise man; term applied to the first philosophers; from the Greek word for "wise" monism - correct answer The general name for the belief that everything consists of only one, ultimate, unique substance such as matter or spirit. rational discourse - correct answer The interplay of carefully argued ideas; the use of reason to order, clarify, and identify reality and truth according to agreed-upon standards of verification. principle of sufficient reason - correct answer The principle that nothing happens without a reason; consequently, no adequate theory or explanation can contain any brute, crude, unexplained facts. First specifically encountered in the work of the medieval philosopher Peter Abelard (), it is usually associated with the rationalist philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (), who used it in his famous "best of all possible worlds" argument. apeiron - correct answer According to Anaximander, the first principle from which all existing things develop, a vast "Indefinite-Infinite"; the apeiron is an infinite mass of forces with no specific qualities. pneuma - correct answer According to Anaximenes, the ultimate pervasive spirit that holds the world together; all things are produced by either "rarefaction" of the pneuma, which creates fire, or condensation of the pneuma, which creates (in order of density) wind, cloud, water, earth, and stone. psyche - correct answer Greek for "soul"; in today's terms, a combination of mind and soul, including the capacity for reflective thinking. logos - correct answer One of the richest and most complex terms in ancient philosophy; associated meanings include "intelligence," "speech," "discourse, "thought," "reason," "word," "meaning" ; the root of "log" (record), "logo," "logic," and the "ology" suffix found in terms like sociology and physiology, According to Heraclitus, the rule according to which all things are accomplished and the law which is found in all things.