Resume
Summary Begrippenlijst menselijk biologie en ziekteleer
- Établissement
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Begrippenlijst van de termen vanuit het boek Human Biology voor het vak menselijk biologie en ziekteleer
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Chapter 11. Acid: a substance that releases hydrogen ions when in solution, a proton donor
2. Adenosine triphosphate: A nucleotide composed of adenosine and three fosaat
groepen. important carrier of energy for the cell
3. Base: a substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions. A proton acceptor
4. Buffer: any substance that tends to minimize the changes in PH that might otherwise
occur when an acid or base is added to a solution
5. Catalyst: a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself
being altered or consumed by the reaction
6. Covalent bond: chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms
7. Dehydration synthesis: process by which a larger molecule is synthesized by
covalently bonding two smaller molecules together with a subsequent removal of a
molecule of water
8. DNA : a nucleic acid found in all living cells. Carries the organism's hereditary
information
9. Electrons: negatively charged subatomic particle with almost no weight
10. Enzyme: a protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction
11. Hydrogen bonds: weak bond that forms between a hydrogen atom with a partial
positive charge and a nearby atom with a partial negative charge
12. Hydrolysis: proces in which water is used to split a molecule into two smaller
molecules
13. Ion: an atom or molecule with a positive or negative electric charge
14. Ionic bond: chemical bond formed by the attractive force between oppositely
charged ions
15. Lipid: organic compounds formed of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen
16. Molecule:particle consisting of 2 or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds
17. Neutron: uncharged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus
18. PH scale: the measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution
19. Protein: one or more polypeptide chains of more than 100 amino acids
20. Protons: positively charged subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom
21. RNA: nucleic acid that contains ribose and the bases AGCU. RNA carries DNA’s
instruction for protein synthesis
22. Solvent: any substance dissolved in a liquid
23. Solute: a liquid in which other substances dissolve
,Chapter 2
1. Active transport: Process that transfers a substance into or out of a cell, usually
against its concentration gradient. Requires a carrier and the expenditure of energy
2. Citric acid cycle: the metabolic pathway within mitochondria in wic acetyl groups are
completely disassembled into CO2 and high energy compounds (also called krebs
cycle)
3. cytoskeleton: a cell's internal skeleton. The cytoplasm is a system of microtubules
and other components that support cellular structures and provide the machinery to
generate various cell movements
4. diffusion: The movement of molecules from one region to another as the result of
random motion. Net diffusion proceeds from a region of higher concentration to a
region of lower concentration
5. electron transport system: a series of electron and energy-transfer molecules in
the inner membrane of mitochondria that provide the energy for the active transport
of hydrogen ions across the membrane. The electron transport system is essential to
the ability of the mitochondria to produce ATP for the cell
6. endocytosis: process by which fluids, extracellular particles , or even whole bacteria
are taken into cells. In endocytosis the materials become enclosed by vesicle
composed of a cell membrane material and then internalized within the cell.
Phagocytosis is an example
7. exocytosis:mechanism by which substances are moved from the cell interior to the
extracellular space. in exocytosis, a membrane-bound secretory vesicle fuses with
the plasma membrane and releases its contents to te exterior
8. endoplasmic reticulum: Membranous network of tubular or saclike channels in the
cytoplasm of a cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is the site of most of the cell's
production of protein and other cell compounds
9. glycolysis: breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid, is an anaerobic process
10. golgi apparatus: membranous system within a cell that packages proteins and lipids
destined for export, packages enzymes into lysosomes for cellular use, and modifies
proteins destined to become part of cellular membranes
11. metabolism: sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in body cells.
12. mitochondria: a cytoplasmic organelle responsible for ATP generation for cellular
activities
13. NAD+: A transport molecule within mitochondria that can accept hydrogen ions ande
electrons liberated by the citric acid cycle, forming high energy NADH
14. osmosis: the net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, such
as a cell membrane.
15. passive transport: membrane transport process that do not require cellular energy.
diffusion is a form of it.
16. plasma membrane:membrane surrounding the cell, consisting of a phospholipid
bilayer with embedded cholesterol and proteins. the plasma membrne regulates the
passage of substances into and out of the cell
17. ribosomes: A cellular structure consisting of rRNA and protein at which amino acids
are assembled into proteins. some ribosomes float freely within the cytoplasm other
are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
18. sodium-potassium pump: AN active transport protein of the plasma membrane that
simultaneously transports three sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and two potassium
, ions (K+) in. The pump is important for maintaining cell volume and for generating the
resting membrane potential.
19. vesicle: a small membrane-bound fluid-filled sac that encloses and contains certain
substances within a cell
Chapter 3
1. Basement membrane: layer of nonliving, extracellular material that are anchors
epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue
2. Cell junction: various proteins that connect epithelial cells to each other
3. Connective tissue: a primary tissue ; form and function vary extensively. Functions
include support, energy storage, and protection.
4. Controlled variable: any physical or chemical property that might vary from time to
time that must be controlled in order to maintain homeostasis. Examples of controlled
variables are blood pressure, body temperature, and the concentration of glucose in
blood.
5. Dermis: layer of skin underlying the epidermis, consist mostly of dense connective
tissue
6. Endocrine gland: ductless glands, that secrete one or more hormones into the
bloodstream
7. Epidermis: outermost layer of the skin, the epidermis is composed of keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium
8. Epithelial tissue: a primary tissue that covers the body's surface, lines its internal
cavities and forms glands
9. Exocrine gland: specialized epithelial tissue that secretes a product directly into a
hollow organ or duct
10. Homeostasis: state of body equilibrium, characterized by a relatively constant and
stable internal environment
11. Internal environment: the environment that surrounds the cells of a multicellular
organism
12. Muscle tissue: tissue consisting of cells that are specialized to shorten or contract,
resulting in movement of some kind. There are three types of muscle tissue, skeletal,
cardiac, and smooth.
13. Negative feedback:a homeostatic control mechanism, in which a change in a
control, variable triggers, a series of events that ultimately opposes (negates) the
initial change, returning the controlled variable to its normal value or setpoint
14. Nervous tissue: tissue consisting of cells that are specialized for generating and
transmitting nerve impulses throughout the body. Nervous tissue forms a rapid
communication network for the body
15. Neuron: cell of the nervous system specialized to generate and transmit nerve
impulses
16. Organs systems: a group of organs that together serve a broad function important
to the survival of an organism of species
17. Set point: the internally set (expected,normal) value of a controlled variable
Chapter 4
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