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EULaw
1.
The
Legal
Order
of
the
EU
Introduction
to
the
EU
What
is
the
EU?
• Pooling
of
sovereignty
between
member
states.
• Creates
new
legal
order-‐centralises
and
de-‐centralises.
• Integrating
values
and
customs
of
a
group
of
peoples.
• Supranational
body
but
equally
inter-‐governmental.
• Borderless,
shared
currency,
free
movement
of
goods
and
people.
• Creates
own
laws
which
override
national
law.
• Has
its
own
bodies-‐Commission,
Parliament,
Court
of
Justice
etc.
• It
seems
that
the
larger
it
becomes,
the
less
legitimate
it
becomes.
• Union
Acquis-Body
of
common
rights
and
obligations,
which
bind
Member
States
together
with
the
EU.
New
states
must
satisfy
the
Union
that
it
has
put
all
the
Treaties
and
legislation
into
its
domestic
legal
order.
It
is
constantly
evolving.
• Constitutional
Treaty
2004
was
rejected
which
would
have
created
one
single
constitution.
This
is
because
of
the
perceived
threat
to
national
sovereignty.
Article
49-Treaty
on
European
Union
(TUE)
• “Any
European
State
which
respects
the
European
Union’s
values
and
is
committed
to
promoting
them
may
apply
to
become
a
member
of
the
Union”.
Article
20-Treaty
on
Functioning
of
the
EU
(TFEU)
• “Every
person
holding
the
nationality
of
a
Member
State
shall
be
a
citizen
of
the
Union.
Citizenship
shall
be
additional
to
and
not
replace
national
citizenship”.
Churchill
• “Small
nations
will
count
as
much
as
large
ones
and
gain
their
honour
by
their
contribution
to
the
common
cause”.
Schuman
Declaration
• “Europe
will
not
be
made
all
at
once.
It
will
be
built
through
concrete
achievements
which
first
create
a
de
facto
solidarity”.
• Start
with
coal
and
steel
production,
then
move
forward
from
there.
Article
1
TEU
• “Member
States
confer
competences
to
attain
objective
they
have
in
common.
This
Treaty
marks
a
new
stage
in
the
process.”
Van
Gend
en
Loos
(arose
from
preliminary
referral-‐national
court
decided
there
is
an
issue
of
law
which
requires
the
Court
of
Justice
to
decide
upon/Court
of
Justice
must
give
the
definitive
legal
ruling
on
the
interpretation
of
the
Treaties-‐
binding
on
all
national
courts/authorities
of
the
member
states)
• Could
someone
rely
on
a
provision
of
the
founding
Treaty
(prohibiting
customs
duties
and
charges)
when
he
was
being
prosecuted
for
not
paying)
, • Held
that:
an
individual
can
rely
upon
a
provision
of
the
Treaty
in
the
national
courts
against
an
individual
or
the
state.
• States
themselves
have
taken
decision
to
limit
their
sovereignty.
Rights
arise
for
individuals
and
obligations
arise
for
Member
States.
• Autonomous
Legal
Order-Court
of
Justice.
Costa
v
ENEL
• Italian
refused
to
pay
nominal
electricity
bill
as
he
believed
the
Italian
state’s
monopoly
on
electricity
was
incompatible
with
the
Treaties
provisions
on
competition
law.
Could
the
Treaties
overrule
national
law
in
place
before
the
Treaties?
• Held
that
the
law
stemming
from
the
Treaty,
an
independent
source
of
law,
could
not
be
overridden
by
domestic
legal
provisions,
however
framed.
• This
is
to
ensure
uniformity
and
effectiveness
within
the
Union.
Kadi
I
• Held
that
EU
has
to
follow
its
own
rule
of
law
and
that
it
is
autonomous
vis-à-vis
international
law
such
as
the
UN
Charter.
• Even
though
Member
States
have
obligations
to
UN
which
pre-date
EU
membership,
the
autonomy
of
the
EU
is
such
that
it
must
be
applied.
EU
Governance-Multi-Level
and
Multi-Speed
(e.g
enhanced
cooperation)
• Its
own
institutions
created
by
Treaties
• Conferred
competences-‐EU
legislation
penetrates
national
legislation
• Subsidiarity-‐multi-‐level
governance
(trying
to
deal
with
things
at
National
level
before
EU
steps
in)
• Limited
citizenship
rights
• European
Court
of
Justice
is
a
constitutional
court
• National
courts
are
as
EU
courts
• EU
as
a
“human
rights
organisation”
Do
we
have
an
EU
constitution
in
essence?
Institutions
created
by
the
Treaties
which
are
subject
to
principles
of
democracy,
transparency
and
accountability.
Conferred
powers
of
the
EU
Multi
level
governance-‐subsidiarity.
CFREU
Principle
of
loyalty/solidarity-‐founded
on
rule
of
law
and
primacy
of
EU
law.
Differentiated
integration-‐enchanced
cooperation.
Judicial
review
Judicial
protection
of
individual
rights.
,
Overview
of
the
Treaties
Introduction
• The
Lisbon
Treaty
is
comprised
of
The
Treaty
on
European
Union
(TEU)
and
The
Treaty
on
the
Functioning
of
the
European
Union
(TFEU)
• Both
have
the
same
legal
value-no
hierarchy.
This
ends
the
old
pillared
system
of
EU/EC
(European
Community/CFSP/Police
and
Judicial
Cooperation)
meaning
there
is
now
one
unified
European
Union.
• However,
the
Charter
of
Fundamental
Rights
of
the
EU
remains
as
a
separate
document
but
is
incorporated
into
the
treaties
and
has
the
same
legal
value
as
them
(Art
6
TEU)
• Both
replace
old
Treaties
meaning
they
are
part
of
a
continuous
thread.
Merely
an
amending
Treaty
rather
than
a
repeal
and
replace
text
like
the
EU
Constitution
would
have
been.
• Although
the
Treaties
do
not
contain
the
word
“constitution”
they
still
constitute
what
is
seemingly
a
constitutional
charter
of
the
Union
based
on
the
rule
of
law.
• TEU
o Establishes
union
and
sets
out
values,
aims
and
principles,
enhanced
cooperation
(example
is
the
Euro-‐only
certain
states
decided
to
push
forward
with
it
and
in
the
Council
only
their
ministers
are
present
for
any
issues
with
it),
membership
rules
and
special
regime
for
Common
Foreign
and
Security
Policy
(CFSP)
(has
its
own
modus
operandi).
o It
is
the
mission
statement
(Dougan).
o Neighbourhood
policy.
o Composition
and
functions
of
EU
institutions.
o Legal
personality
of
union.
o Provisions
governing
asymmetric
integration
e.g.
circumstances
when
Members
may
leave
or
be
expelled
from
the
Union.
• TFEU
o Determines
areas
of
and
arrangements
for
exercising
competence.
o Contains
Treaty
bases
for
legislation
(except
for
CFSP)
o Contains
horizontal
mainstreaming
polices
such
as
gender
equality.
• There
are
also
Treaty
Protocols.
• There
are
also
non-binding
declarations
which
are
not
included
in
the
Treaties
themselves.
• Treaties
reign
supreme
and
CJEU
should
look
to
its
provisions
before
past
case
law
(Art
1
TEU)
Treaty
on
European
Union
(TEU)
• Title
I-Common
Provisions
• Art
2
o Statement
of
Values-‐reference
point
for
all
policies/actions.
o Dignity,
freedom,
democracy,
equality,
rules
of
law,
human
rights.
, o Emphasises
the
shift
over
the
years
from
pure
economic
aims
to
value
aims.
• Art
3
o Aims,
objectives
and
tasks.
o Promote
peace,
offer
security
and
justice
with
free
movement,
internal
market,
combat
social
discrimination,
promote
solidarity
between
Members,
establish
EMU,
safeguard
Europe’s
cultural
heritage,
contribute
to
peace
and
sustainable
development
of
the
Earth.
• Art
4
o Defines
the
EU/Member
legal
relationship
o Competences
not
conferred
remain
with
Member
States
o Respect
national
identities.
o Sincere
co-operation
and
loyal
obligation
(including
applying
legally
binding
Union
acts).
• Art
5
o Limits
of
conferred
powers
o Union
will
only
act
within
limits
of
competences.
o Subsidiarity-Under
areas
which
do
not
fall
within
competence,
the
Union
will
only
act
if
the
objective
of
proposed
action
cannot
be
sufficient
achieved
by
Member
States
(laid
down
in
Protocol
1).
o Proportionality-content
and
form
of
Union
action
wont
exceed
what
is
necessary
to
achieve
the
objectives
of
the
Treaties.
• Art
6
o Incorporates
the
Charter
of
Fundamental
Human
Rights
o Does
not
extend
competences
of
Union.
o Union
shall
accede
to
ECHR
but
will
not
affect
Union
competences-
example
of
the
Union
using
its
“legal
personality”
o The
fundamental
rights
are
as
general
principles
of
law
(same
as
before).
• Art
7
o Actions
against
Member
States
o Serious
or
persistent
breach
of
the
values
of
Union
can
lead
to
suspension
of
membership
rights.
• Art
8
o Neighbouring
countries
o Union
shall
develop
a
special
relationship
founded
on
Union
values.
o Union
may
conclude
specific
agreements
with
countries
concerned.
• Title
II-Democratic
Principles
o Representative
democracy
and
citizen
participation
(Art
10).
All
about
trying
to
prove
legitimacy.
o Citizen’s
initiative
for
Commission
proposals
and
transparent
dialogue
between
institutions
with
representative
associations
(Art
11)
o National
Parliaments
contribute
to
the
good
functioning
of
the
Union-e.g.
with
draft
Acts
being
forwarded
to
them
under
Protocol
1
and
2
or
being
notified
of
applications
for
accession
(Art
12)
• Title
III-Provisions
on
Institutions
• Title
IV-Provisions
on
enhanced
co-operation
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