Med Surg Exam 2- Endocrine Test Questions and Correct Answers | Rated A+

What are the three hormones produced and secreted by the thyroid gland - T3, T4 and calcitonin Which hormone is produced the most by the thyroid - T4 Which hormone is the most potent and has greater metabolic effects that is produced by the thyroid - T3. 20% of T3 is made by thyroid and the rest is T4 that is converted into T3 in the periphery what compound is necessary to make t3 and T4 - iodine. What all do t3 and T4 affect - metabolic rate, caloric requirements, oxygen consumption, carb and lipid metabolism, growth and development, brain function and other nervous system activities How is thyroid hormone production and release controlled? - By TSH where does TSH come from - the anterior pituitary. When thyroid hormone levels are low, the hypothalamus releases TRH which causes anterior pituitary to release TSH which goes to the thyroid to tell it to produce thyroid hormone. If thyroid levels are high, it inhibits both TRH and TSH from being released. What does calcitonin do - Responsible for lowering high levels of calcium in the blood by renal excretion and icreasing calcium storage in bone. how many parathyroid glands are there normally - 4- a pair behind each lobe of the thyroid. What does the parathyroid glands secrete - PTH= regulates calcium levels int he blood What does PTH act on to regulate calcium in the blood - PTH acts on the bones, kidneys and GI tract (indirectly). Stimulates the bone to release calcium into the blood and inhibits bone formation. increases calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion. Also stimulates the converson of Vit D into its active form which helps absorb calcium and phosphorus in the GI tract which increases bone minerallization. Works on feedback cycle. What would high levels of Vit D do to PTH - inhibit it What would low magnesium levels do to PTH - stimulate PTH Where are adrenal glands located - above each kidney What are the two parts of the adrenal gland - medulla (middle) and cortex (outside) What is the main job of the adrenal medulla - To secrete catecholamines (E, NE, and dopamine= neurotransmitters) which are responsible for the sympathetic response or fight and flight response to stressors What does the adrenal cortex do - secretes several steroid hormones - glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralcorticoids (aldosterone), and androgens What does cortisol effect - effects glucose metabolism What does mineralcorticoids effect - essential for fluid and electrolyte balance What are corticosteroids - glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids What pattern is cortisol secreted in - Diurnal pattern. Which means once daily. What is the HPA axis - Hypothalamus (CRH) --> anterior pituitary (ACTH) --> adrenal gland (cortisol) --> negative feedback to the hypothalamus What does cortisol do to glucose - decreases peripheral glucose use in the fasting state, inhibits protein synthesis, and stimulates the mobilization of glycerol and free fatty acids. What can increase cortisol levels naturally - stress, burns, infection, fever, acute anxiety, hypoglycemia