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Summary English grammar
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English grammar with all the tenses, conditionals, passive tense ...
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TENSES- Present simple
• Always true, permanent situations, habits, states, general truths
• Future: part of timetables (The meeting is on May 13th. The train leaves in 5 minutes. We
change at Birmingham. What time do you arrive in London?)
• Second conditional „when, before, after, until“ (I will call you when I get home)
• Emphasise contrast, strong feeling (I don't know much about science, but I do know how to
sing.)
• Actions in expressions (There they go. Here it comes.)
• Present action in a sports commentary (Messi passes the ball, but Ronaldo scores.)
• Time expressions: always, usually, generally, normally, often, frequently, regularly, sometimes,
occasionally, not often, hardly ever, rarely, never, every/each week, once/twice/three times a
week, in the morning, on Friday
- Present continuous
• At the moment, we are in the middle of now (The earth is getting warmer.)
• Not at the moment, if it has started, but is not nished (Is anyone sitting in this seat?)
• Temporary situations or routines (She’s staying with her friends for a week.)
• Temporary or new habits (You are smoking too much.)
• Always habits - always = very often/annoyance (She’s always smiling. / I am always losing
things.)
• Future: future arrangement + future time word (I’m meeting Kate at three. What are you doing
tomorrow?)
• Time expressions: now, today, at the moment, this week, currently, that's the last time, these
days, nowadays, still, at present)
• Spelling of verb -ing
- Verbs that end with one -e lose the -e (smoking, coming) *except lying
- Verbs that end with two -we don't drop an -e (agreeing, seeing)
- Verbs of one syllable with one vowel, one consonant, double the consonant (stopping,
planning), *except if ending on -y or -w
*Present Simple vs. Present Continuous
• At seven we are usually having supper. (We are usually in the middle of.)
At seven we usually have supper. (Is our usual time for supper.)
• Our teacher is always giving us tests. (Very often - annoyance)
Our teacher always gives us tests. (Every lesson)
• Past actions - to describe a novel or a lm (Tom murders his sister, who is staying at his
house.), to tell important parts of story - set the scene (I am standing there.), talk about
actions (Tom murders)
- Present Perfect Simple
• Un nished actions
• experiences
• present result, action in a period leading up to the present (The visitors have arrived. - are
here now)
• Announce news in Present Perfect, give details in Past Simple (Have you heard? Susan has
had her rst baby. She named him Harry.)
• Gone and still away (Tom has gone to town. - is still there now), been and came back (Tom
has been to town. - is home now)
• Time expressions: for, since, never, ever, yet, before, already, just, recently, so far, today
- Present Perfect Continuous
• Un nished actions, series of repeated activities leading up to the present (I’ve been going to
cooking class in the evenings.)
• temporary habits (I’ve been reading a lot recently)
• actions that have recently stopped with result (I’m so tired, I’ve been studying),
fi fi fi fi
, • temporary activity, past activity with present result
*Present Perfect Simple vs. Continuous
• Completed/over period of time (I’ve painted the kitchen, now I’m doing the bathroom./I’ve
been painting, so I’m covered in paint.)
• PS = result of an action, number, quantity (I’ve cleaned my room. It looks better now.)
-> never Continuous after number of actions (I’ve tried to call you six times.)
• PC = focuses on an action leading up to the present (I’ve cleaned my room, so I have a
couple of things to donate.)
• Verbs with idea of long/exact time - Continuous (wait, work, play, try, learn, rain)
• Verbs with idea of short time - Simple ( nd, start, buy, die, lose, break, stop)
- Past simple
• Finished actions, number of actions in the past (I saw him several times/every weekend when
we were in college.)
• when the person is dead, story
• introducing with present perfect (I’ve been on holidays, I went to Spain)
• repeated actions in the past (I went to cinema ve times last month.),
• general truth about past
• Second conditional (I wish I had more time)
• Something in the present sound less direct (I wanted to ask you something)
• Time expressions: yesterday, last week, in January/2002, an hour/a week ago, when I was
young, once, earlier, next, then, after that
• Spelling of verb -ed:
- One syllable, one vowel, one consonant, double the consonant *except -y, -w
- If the stress in the two-syllable word is on second consonant, it doubles
- Verbs that end in consonant + -y (are read „I“) change to -ied
*Present Perfect vs. Past Simple
• Have you seen Amy this morning? (Still morning)
Did you see Amy this morning? (afternoon, evening)
• The car has broken down. (It is out of action now.)
The car broke down. (Doesn’t tell about the present)
• Announce news in Present Perfect, give details in Past Simple (The new furniture has arrived.
It came yesterday.)
- Past continuous
• actions happening at the moment in the past, speci c time (I was watching TV at 9am)
• Interrupted action + Past simple
• always habits in the past (When I was younger, I was always getting in trouble.)
• temporary habits in the past (While my sister was away, I was living in her room.)
• two actions in progress at the same time (Wendy was sleeping while you were getting ready
for school.)
• action in progress at every moment (I was working all day yesterday.)
• descriptions
• Past arrangements (I was meeting Mike at three.)
• Time expressions: all day, for hours, when, as, while, a certain time (yesterday at 8 am, last
Sunday, three years ago in May)
*Past Simple vs. Past continuous:
• PS = complete fact (I travelled the world), PC = duration of past activities, in the middle of (I
was travelling the world.)
• Questions: PC = activities before (What were you doing?), PS = what happened after (What
did you do?)
• incomplete activity PC (I was reading a book during the ight), complete PC
• Pc = longer action (It was raining.), PS = shorter (I left the house.)
fi fi fi fl
, • PS = main action, PC = describe things in the background (We walked along the beach.
People were lying in the sun, children were playing.)
**Used to
• Habit or state in the past that is now nished (I used to come here when I was a child.)
• Negative
- Past Perfect Simple
• Action before another action, story in di erent order, shorter and completed actions
• Third conditional (I wish I hadn't gone to the bed late.)
• Time expressions: when, before, after, by the time, until (we had nished)
*Past Simple vs. Past Perfect
• Chronological/di erent order
• PP when actions are separate, nished one action and did something else (After I had read
the paper, I threw it away. When I had typed a message, I mailed it to Max.)
- When Max had spoken, Miranda put the phone down. (After he nished.)
• PS when actions connected, the other comes immediately after another (When I heard the
news, I burst out crying.)
- When Max spoke, Miranda put the phone down. (Started speaking.)
- Past Perfect Continuous
• longer or repeated activities that went on over a period before a past time
• Interrupted action in the past (ppc + for time + when +Past simple)
• nished just before another event in the past
* Past Perfect Continuous vs. past continuous
• (When I saw Alice, she had been playing golf.) - i saw her after the game
(When … she was playing golf.) - in the middle
- Future Simple
• Facts in the future we can be fairly certain about, future seen as fact, something we cannot
control (I will be 25 next week. My sister will certainly be in hospital for the next few days.)
• Prediction based on opinion
• promises, request, refusals, o ers (I will hold the door for you.)
• decided at the moment of speaking
• Will (I will buy postcards. = action) ≠ want (I want to buy postcards. = wish)
• Ordering food (I will have steak please.)
• Willingness (I will/am willing to seat on the oor.), unwillingness (I won’t put up with this mess)
• Invitation (Would you like to seat down?)
• Expressions: tomorrow, next week, in a few days
• Time clauses: if, when, until, after (I won't come if you don’t.)
*Shall
• suggestion, o ering help, asking for decision (Where shall I put these owers?)
• Shall=will for rst person (I will be home./I shall be home.)
*Going to
• prediction based on evidence, decided before the moment of speaking, intention
*Present continuous
• arrangements in near future, verbs of movement and activity (Are you coming …?, I'm
meeting …, we're playing …)
*Present Simple
• for timetables, calendars (What time does the lm start?)
*Be to
• for o cial arrangements (Prime Minister is to have a speech tomorrow morning.)
• for orders (You are not to stay up late. no one is to leave the building.)
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