EU notes
PRE-SCHENGEN
JHA POLICY AREAS
- Asylum, migration, border-crossing
- Judicial cooperation in civil matters
- Criminal law/policy
o Substantive criminal law (punishable behavior)
o Criminal procedural law
o International cooperation in criminal matter (working together across borders)
Judicial cooperation
Police and customs cooperation
o Security
PRINCIPAL JHA COOPERATION LEVELS
- Council of Europe = CoE
- EU
- Schengen (including Prüm)
- Benelux, NATO? OSCE, G7/G20, OECD, UN
COUNCIL OF EUROPE
- 1949
- 1950 ECHR / ECtHR = European court of human rights
- Today 46 countries: since last year 1 country left (Russian federation) because of strict rules
for human rights
- Intergovernmental cooperation: no binding decisions, they offer frameworks, it’s up to the
states to decide to be bound by those frameworks
- Legal instruments: conventions
- Council has a broad mandate: a lot of policy documents, including policy/penal/criminal
matters
EC/EU INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
- EC-Treaties Establishing the:
o ECSC = European Coal and steel community
o EAEC = European Atomic Energy Community
o EEC = European Economic Community => TEC?
Supranational, not intergovernmental
- Espace judiciaire Europeén/European Political cooperation
o Outside the formal framework of the European Communities, between the Member
States
, - TEU = Treaty on European Union: Maastricht Treaty, Amsterdam Treaty, Nice treaty, European
Constitution, Lisbon/Reform Treaty
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
- Internal market
o Without internal borders in which free movement of goods, capital, services and
persons is guaranteed
o Focus on economic and monetary integration
o No competence as regards criminal law BUT competence to combat fraud against the
EC budget on an administrative level
SCHENGEN
BACKGROUND | CoE + EC/EU INTEGRATION HISTORY
- EEC 1957 (TEC = Treaty establishing the European Community - Het Verdrag tot oprichting van
de Europese Gemeenschap)
o 1984 European Single Act: internal market by 1992, free movement of
goods/capital/services/persons
- TEU = Treaty on European Union: Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaty => changes TEC and TEU,
integrates Schengen acquis/protocol
SCHENGEN
- 1985 initial agreement (is an agreement build on another agreement, between France and Germany)
o Gradual abolition checks at the internal borders
o = beyond free movement of persons as an EC notion
How will they control everything then? SIC
- 1990 Schengen Implementation Conventions = SIC
o Create external border
o Schengen policy short term residence + Schengen visa
Sirene: requests and validation
Later: link with VIS (visa info system)
Dublin rule: only a single member state for
o Single MS for processing asylum requests asylum, the country of first entry will take a
decision. It’s a single answer for the entire
Schengen block
Later: link with Dublin system and with Eurodac
Carrier liability: identity and register at hotels,
o SIS (NSIS, CSIS ,Sirene) + data protection on transport (control to private companies)
o Carrier liability + overnight stay registration
o Compensatory measures: police & judicial cooperation
Proposed EU Police cooperation Code
Recommendation hot pursuit and surveillance
, 2 legislative proposals => new Prüm II framework & lax enforcement infoex
(EPRIS)
o Weapons, drugs,… Verdrag van Prüm, 2005; regelt de uitwisseling van data voor
juridische en politiedoeleinden. Het betreft o.m. de
uitwisseling van informatie betreffende DNA en
vingerafdrukken.
o Relationship Schengen-EC
Schengen is loyal to EC goals
Self-dissolving potential
Gradual absorption by EC legal instruments
SCHENGEN: POST-AMSTERDAM DEVELOPMENT
-
SCHENGEN: CRISES, CHALLENGES, RESILIENCE
-
EPC MAASTRICHT TREATY
EUROPEAN POLITICAL COOPERATION
- Intergovernmental track of integration on cooperation – ‘European political cooperation’
which is used to discuss aspects of the common foreign policy and international cooperation
in justice and home affairs
- Police cooperation started mid seventies
o TREVI: terrorism, radicalism, extremism, violence (international)
- Judicial cooperation
Dublin agreement ≠ Dublin
o Espace judiciaire europeén / European judicial area
convention
Idea launched in 1977 by Giscard d’Estaing
Closer judicial cooperation than on CoE level Never into force because it requires
1979 Dublin agreement never into force full ratification of the 9 states, only
4 ratified
Draft for Espace convention never adopted
o Group judicial cooperation EC = European Community
Continues Espace activities
1987-1991: 5 conventions between EC MS => Transfer for detainees, ne bis in
idem, fax, transfer of proceedings, transfer of execution of sentences
