Human Growth & Development Exam 1 practice questions and answers

Lifespan Development examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior throughout the lifespan 4 domains of development physical, cognitive, personality, social Age & range differences prenatal, infancy and toddlerhood, middle childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood quantitative changes in number or amount qualitative changes in kind, structure or organization theory broad, organized explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest psychoanalytic theory Freud; focus on inner person, unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior. id, ego, and superego Id pleasure principle Ego reality principle superego follows rules of society Freudian Psychosexual stages oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital psychosocial theory Erikson; development occurs through changes in interactions with and understanding of others behavioral theory John b. Watson & B.F. Skinner; focus on observable behavior and outside environmental stimuli, strengthened or weakened by negative or positive consequences Behavioral Albert Bandura & colleagues; behavior is learned through observation Cognitive perspective Jean Piaget; focus on processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world, classical conditioning contextual perspective Urie Bronfenbrenner; focus on relationships between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds Sociocultural perspective Lev Vygotsky; as children play and cooperate with others, they learn what is important in their society and advance cognitively in their understanding of the world, zone of proximal development Longitudinal studies measures individual change cross-sectional studies measures people of different ages at same point in time sequential studies complex combination of cross sectional and longitudinal prenatal testing amniocentesis, CVS embryoscopy, FBS, sonoembrology, sonogram, ultrasound sonography stages of prenatal development germinal, embryonic, fetal germinal stage fertilization (2 weeks) egg fertilization embryonic stage (2 weeks - 8 weeks) development of major organs and basic anatomy fetal stage (8 weeks - birth) rapid development, differentiation of major organs, development of brain pregnancy problems infertility, miscarriage, abortion apgar scale given at 1 minute and 5 minutes of age, checks Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration stage 1 of labor contractions occur every 8 to 10 min, contractions occur more frequently, separation of cervix, widening of birth canal stage 2 of labor baby's head starts to move through birth canal. ends when the baby has completely left the mother's body. stage 3 of labor umbilical cord and placenta are expelled from the mother. quickest stage of labor. postpartum depression mothers display little emotion and act detached and withdrawn seeing capability as newborn not fully developed, see to an extent hearing capability as newborn clearly capable of hearing, but not completely mature touch, smell, and taste capabilities as newborn present at birth and are reasonably sophisticated classical conditioning organism learns to respond in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response operant conditioning learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its positive or negative consequences habituation decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus nervous system comprises the brain and the nerves that extend throughout the body neurons the basic cells of the nervous system, 100-200 billion neurons at birth, billions more by the age of 2 synaptic pruning unused neurons are eliminated Sudden infant death syndrome leading cause of death in children under 1 year of age reflexes learned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in presence of certain stimuli dynamic systems theory describes how motor behaviors are assembled, as motor skills develop, so do non-motoric skills Walk & Gibson: the visual cliff depth perception, six-month old babies would approach 'ledge' but avoided drop Piaget's theory action = knowledge