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EXAMENVRAGEN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS LAW
INTRODUCTION
1. What is the difference between Europe, the EU and the Economic and Monetary Union?
- Europe is the geographical term that refers to countries, including those in the EU as well as the non-
EU countries like Russia for example.
- The EU is a political and economic union of 27 European countries established to promote economic
and political integration among its MS.
- Countries that are part of the EMU are using a single currency, the euro and they also have a common
monetary policy. This is controlled by the European Central Bank.
2. What does supremacy of EU law mean?
= The supremacy, or with other words, the primacy of the EU law, contains the principle that when there
is a conflict between the EU law and the national law of the connected member states, the EU law
prevails and the norms of the national law are set aside.
- Then also the national courts and public officials have to disapply a norm that is not in conflict with the
EU law.
The supremacy law is directly applicable and directly effective...
Directly applicable = The EU legislation will apply directly within the legal systems of the MS. Without
the need of any further acts by the governments of these MS.
Directly effective = Gives the right to a national of the EU to use the European law against another
person or against its own national government in a lawsuit. To have direct effect a treaty article must...
- Be clear and unambiguous
- Be unconditional
- Take effect without further acts of the EU or MS
3. What is the diffirence between the European Council, The Council of Europe and The Council of the
European Union?
- The European counsil = desides on general directions and priorities of the EU. These are the leaders of
the MS and the president of the European Counsil. This institution is part of the executive branch.
- The counsil of Europe is a separate international organization focused on human rights and democracy.
This also includes non-European countries. It has no legislative powers.
- Council of the European Union = This institution are part of the legislative branch. These are the
national ministers of the MS that decide in codecision with the European parliament if a law propose by
the European commission approves or not. This institution has the final word of the decision. The
national ministers are responsible for the coordinating MS policies on specific field such as economical
or education. Their goal is to avoid big differences between the policies of the different states. They
define and implement EU foreign and security policy. They also adopt the EU budget together with the
European Parliament.
, 4. What does the internal market mean, and which treaty established this?
= The single market, also known as the Single European Act (SEA), was the first major revision of the
treaty of Rome.
- It created a single market within the European community. This means that there was only 1 tariff for
the outside border for all MS of the EU.
- It removed non-border tariff barriers to cross-border intra-community trade and investment. It would
provide the 12 MS a broad economic stimulant.
- SEA also reformed the legislative process by introducing the cooperation procedure and by extending
qualified majority voting.
Internal market = It is an economic area within the EU where goods, services, capital and people can
move freely without facing barriers or restrictions at national borders. These 4 fundamental freedoms
are the 4 cornerstones of the European single market.
FREE MOVEMENT IN EUROPEAN LAW
5. How does the harmonization work and why is it important?
= Developing common standards for goods and services for example safety requirements, so they can be
traded freely through the EU.
- The approval of harmonization removed obstacles
- The law makes sure that all countries evolve in the same direction.
Goals
- Create consistency of laws, regulations, standards, and practices. This makes sure that a business in MS
A for example will not take advantage of a business in MS B, because of the different rule.
(Harmonization creates a level playing field)
- Reduce regulation burdens for companies operating nationally or transnationally.
The guideline is mutual recognition of national rules.
6. How does mutual recognition work and why is it important?
= This principle makes sure that ‘If a product that is lawfully sold in one EU country, can be sold in
another EU country, even if the good does not fully comply with the technical rules of that other country
(CASE LAW DIJON)
GOAL
- Free movement of goods through technical harmonization in all sectors
- Guaranteeing a high level of protection of the public interest objectives. Bv. toys & machines
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