Master IGCSE Chemistry with these concise, easy-to-understand notes. Covering key topics like states of matter, atomic structure, and chemical bonding, these notes are perfect for exam prep and quick learning. Ideal for students and beginners in chemistry!
State of Energy of
Arrangement of Particles Movement of particles
Matter Particles
Particles are very close
Solid Lowest together and regularly Particles vibrate
arranged
Particles move freely but slowly
More than solid Particles are close together
Liquid they move by sliding past one
less than gas randomly arranged
another
Particles are far apart and
Gas Highest Particles move freely and quickly
randomly arranged
Interconversions
Diffusion & Dilution
Dilution: Is the process of making a solution less concentrated by adding water
Diffusion: The net movement of particles form an area of high concentration to low
concentration
If bromine is placed in a closed test tube the bromine will start to slowly diffuse into the enclosed
test tube. This is because the bromine particles are heavy, they move in random directions, and
they hit air molecules. The bromine will spread out until evenly distributed
, In an enclosed tube when a wool cotton of ammonia and a wool cotton of hydrogen chloride
(HCl) are placed at opposite ends of the tube, after a few minutes a white ring will appear (to due
random motion of particles and particles colliding with air molecules) near the HCl wool
cotton. This is because the ammonia particles are lighter therefore diffuse faster than HCl
particles.
Vocabulary
Solvent: liquid that the substance dissolves in
Solute: the solid that dissolves
Solution: what is given when a solute dissolves in a solvent to give uniform solution
Saturated Solution: when no more solid can be dissolved in the solvent. If more is added it will
sink to the bottom of container
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Element: substances containing only one type of atom
Compound: Two or more different types of atoms chemically joined
Mixture: Two or more different types of atoms that aren't chemically joined
Pure substances (elements, compounds) have a fixed melting and boiling point.
Mixture may melt or boil over a range of temperatures.
Experimental Techniques
Simple Distillation: This method is used to separate a liquid from a solution (example: water
from salt water)
Fractional Distillation: This method is used to separate liquids with different boiling points
(example: ethanol 78 degrees, from water 100 degrees)
Filtration: This method is used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid (example: sand from
water)
Crystallization: This method is used to produce a solid crystal be separating a dissolved solid
from a salt solution (example: copper(II) sulphate from a solution of hydrated copper(II)
sulphate)
Paper Chromatography: This method can be used to separate the parts of a mixture with
different solubility into their components (example: different colored dyes in ink mixed)
Paper Chromatography
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