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,Topic 02 : The kingdom of Mali and the
city of Timbuktu in the 14th century
UNIT 01 : ABOUT THE SAHARA DESERT
TERM DEFINITION
Oases Places in the desert where there is water.
Commodity Goods or products bought and sold in commerce.
Money coin The making of coins from metal, such as gold, to be used as money.
Head Important.
Concubine A woman who lives with a man, but holds a lower status than his wife or wives.
Gate A place through which other places can be reached.
Princely house A line of heirs of a country.
Dominance Power and influence over others.
Missionaries People who are sent to foreign countries to promote the faith of their own country.
Flourishing Fast and successful development.
Literate Can read and write.
CAMEL CARAVANS AS A MEANS OF TRANSPORT
Trade in North and West Africa peaked between the 8th century and the late 16th century.
Camels were used as a means of transport in the Sahara desert.
Berbers used camels for the first time in the 3rd century.
WHY WERE CAMELS CHOSEN AS A MEANS OF TRANSPORT?
Dromedary camels are adapted to the desert.
Their bodies are suited to hot, dry, and sandy conditions.
FITNESS OF DROMEDARY CAMELS
Dromedary camels are suitable for desert transport.
They have double rows of eyelashes and can close their nostrils.
They can conserve water by not sweating.
Dromedary camels can drink large amounts of water quickly.
, Topic 02 : The kingdom of Mali and the
city of Timbuktu in the 14th century
UNIT 01 : ABOUT THE SAHARA DESERT
WHAT GOODS WERE TRADED?
Tuaregs were originally pastoralists in the Sahara desert.
Trade between Tuaregs and Berbers begins.
Salt was the most important commodity.
Berbers begin crossing the Sahara desert when camels become available.
Trans-Saharan trade routes emerge.
Two main trade routes from Morocco to Niger and from Mali to Egypt.
HOW DID PEOPLE USE CAMELS FOR TRADE TRANSPORT?
Camels were fattened for Islamic caravans.
Modern camel caravan in photo.
Fat-lined camel can travel long distance.
Caravan has 1,000 camels, some up to 12,000.
Berbers led caravans and hired runners for water.
THE TRADE ROUTE ACROSS MALI, TUNISIA AND EGYPT
Ghana take control of Audaghost in 1050 HJ.
Mali Empire takes control of gold trade in late 12th century.
Second main route across Sahara desert to Egypt is established.
THE TRADE ROUTE ACROSS MOROCCO AND WEST AFRICA
Gold-salt trade between West Africa and Europe across the Sahara desert.
Trade route starts in Sidjilmassa and ends in the Ghana Empire.
Salt and gold were the main commodities.
Arab merchants buy gold from Berbers and finance more caravans.
Islam spread through trade routes.
Mali also sells slaves to North African traders.
THE DECLINE OF THE TRADE IN GOLD AND SALT
Mali Empire reached peak under Mansa Musa in early 14th century.
Songhai Empire takes over when Mali Empire declines.
Gold, kola nuts, slaves, ivory and ostrich feathers important commodities in trade.
European settlement in America leads to a need for cheap labor.
Trans-Atlantic slave trade takes over, gold and salt trade decreases.
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