Component 2: Global Systems and Global Governance (A110U201)
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Eduqas A Level Geography Component 2: Global Governance, Migration and Oceans | Revision Bundle, Everything You Need To Know
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Component 2: Global Systems and Global Governance (A110U201)
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This document consists of all the knowledge needed for in Paper 1 Eduqas Geography A Level. It breaks down each point of the specification (2.2.1-2.2.10) and includes both in A01 and A02 in detail. This includes: globalisation, migration and a shrinking world; causes of international economic migra...
Component 2: Global Systems and Global Governance (A110U201)
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2.2.1 - globalisation, migration and a
shrinking world Growth of global systems; connections and
global flows of goods, money, people,
technology and ideas
Key words:
Globalisation: the process by which the world is
becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of
massively increased trade and cultural exchange.
Global governance: rules used to regulate human
activity at an international level.
Trading bloc: a group of countries within a
geographical region that trade together and regulate
imports.
MNC: a company or organisation that operates in
more than one country.
Governance: broad approach to guiding an
organisation, nation or state.
Complete globalisation: the entire world operating as
a single community.
Glocalisation: distribution and adaptation of goods
and services to meet local needs.
How globalisation has changed overtime:
Lengthened → products are shipped greater distances,
migrants and tourists travel longer distances from
home.
Deepened → more aspects of everyday life have
become globally connected. It is difficult not to be
connected with other people and places through
products we consume.
Sped up → international migrants can travel quickly
between continents through aircraft and can
communicate with their family at home through
technology.
Impacts of globalisation:
Social: global communication networks and spread of
ideas, information and images
Economic: increase in free trade, global marketing,
growth of transnational corporations and faster,
cheaper transport
Cultural: impact of western culture through media,
sport, leisure and celebrities
Socio-economic: long distance flows of goods, capital
and services as well as information and market
exchanges
Socio-political: decline of centralist (communised)
economies (though communist political control is still
strong in China and Russia)
Economic-political: the diffusion of government policy
and development of market economies in former
communist states
Social, economic, political and cultural: growth of
western democracies and their influence on poorer
countries
,Flows of goods:
- In 2015, the value of world trade in food,
resources and manufactured commodities
exceeded $25 trillion in value.
- Rising industrial demand, for countries such as
China and India, for materials and increasing
global middle-class consumer demand for food,
gas and petrol are responsible for almost all
growth in resource consumption.
Flows of money:
- Governments have decreased tariffs and
regulations on international, free trade. For
example, deregulation of the city of London in
1986 removed large amounts of red tape and
paved the way for London to become the
world’s leading global centre for financial
services.
- The volume of daily foreign exchange
transactions reached $5 trillion in 2013. Huge
capital flows are routed through stock markets
in the world, such as in London and Paris.
Large amounts are transacted via stock
exchanges around the world.
- MNCs based in one county invest in areas in
other parts of the world
Flows of people:
- A record number of people have migrated
internationally in 2015, either for work or
survival
- The value of international tourist trade doubled
between 2005 and 2015 and is thought to be
worth $1 trillion annually. The number of
international tourists also doubled to 1 billion
and much of the new growth in tourist activity
has been generated by movements within Asia.
Flows of ideas:
- Global data flows have grown rapidly since the
1990s and much recent expansion can be
attributed to the growth of social media
platforms and the arrival of on-demand
services.
- Faster broadband and powerful handheld
computers have allowed companies, such as
Amazon and Netflix to stream films and music
on demand directly to consumers.
How Poland and Britain became intertwined:
- In 1931, only 40,000 Poles lived in the UK.
- Britain entered WWII due to Germany invading
Poland but failed to save them and the
Amalgamated Engineering Union urged that all
poles should be demolished and returned to
Poland in 1946.
- The number of Poland-born immigrants had
quadrupled before the war to over 160,000 in
, the next 4 decades.
- In 2004, Poland joined the EU but the UK was
only one of three countries to ally Polish
workers.
- Poland became the biggest foreign national
group in the UK and rose from 100,000 to
600,000 after EU accession.
Classification of migrants and quantification
and mapping of global patterns of migration
Economic migrants: accounts for the majority of
migrants that move voluntarily for work and the
improved quality of life that high earnings bring.
Refugees: currently 20 million refugees and these are
people who have been forced to leave their homes and
travel to another country, such as fleeing conflict,
political or religious persecution or natural disasters.
Patterns of migration:
- Globalisation caused global urbanisation to
pass the threshold of 50% in 2008 and as of
2015,
- 500 million people live in countries other than
the one they were born in.
- In the 70s and 80s, international migration was
only concentrated in developed world
destinations (New York and Paris) but this
caused a brain drain of skilled workers in LICs.
- Today, developing world cities (Mumbai, Dubai,
Saudi Arabia) function as major global magnets
for immigration.
- Much international migration is regionalised
with the largest labour flows being between
neighbouring countries such as USA and
Mexico.
Inter-regional:
- China, India, Brazil to USA
- Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia to
oil-producing gulf states like Saudi Arabia
Intra-regional:
- Myanmar and Cambodia to Singapore and
Thailand
- Migration streams in South America
- Return migrations to the EU
Internal:
- Within EDCs and NICs like India, China and
Brazil
- 750 million internal migrants live in cities across
the world
Factors creating a shrinking world for potential
migrants including transport, communication and
media representation
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