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Lecture summaries for Advanced Neuropsychology topics - Utrecht University

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Lecture summaries for Advanced Neuropsychology topics including related reading material. Various neuropsychology topics include: Neuropsychology introduction, Perception, Memory, Attention, Normal vs Pathological Ageing, Neuropsychology at the next level (advancements), Social cognition, Language,...

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  • 21 février 2024
  • 44
  • 2022/2023
  • Notes de cours
  • Chris dijkerman
  • Toutes les classes
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 Introduction
-Neuropsychology = philosophy + psych + linguistics + AI + anthropology + neuroscience
-Patient = technology + cognitive models + therapeutic relation + trust/confidence + teamwork + science
-Current behaviour = SES + current functioning + personality + social context + brain damage
-Test Performance = psychological factors + genetic factors + methodological factors + other factors
(setting, mood, random variance) + past history
-Level of experiments =
- Behavioural: short, tunable, reproducible
- Pop-up: average all round
- Big data: scalable, universal, in vivo
-Hypothesis:  theoretical framework  literature review  research question
-Experiments: reliable, valid, feasible, theoretically sound, data friendly, ethical
-Ethics: rules/regulations + values + research + moral principles + ethical practices + rules of conduct
-Healthcare system: bridge gap between research and care  paradigm shift that aligns patient needs
with research goals  cycles back to clinical decisions (continuous quality improvement)
-NeuroRights: mental privacy + personal identity + free will + fair access + protection from bias
(1) Article: Art of Reading Journal Articles
-IMRAD: Intro, Method, Results, Analysis, Discussion
-Randomized control trial, controlled clinical trial, experiment survey, case control, or cohort study
-TitleAbstractIntro Materials/Methods Results Discussion

 Perception
-(1) Vision: guide action + perceive face/objects +
perceive danger + appreciate environment + recognition
+ navigating
-Visual System = main visual processing pathway from
eyes  crossing optic chasm  opposite primary visual
cortex  Both eyes have L/R visual fields – only part of
the nervous system = exposed
-Visual perceptual deficits = damage between pathway
from eye to visual cortex  location of damage =
different defects
Vision: higher cortical processing  different features
(e.g. Form, color, motion, depth)
-Perceptual deficits co-occur if lesions are large, affect multiple functional areas
1. Akinetopsia = separate snapshots rather than fluid movement 
Bilateral damage in V5/MT area  Patient MP
2. Achromatopsia = processing color  area V4  affect 1
hemisphere or both (half color, half b/w)
3. Visual Form Agnosia = perceiving shapes Associated with carbon
monoxide poisoning (no oxygen) Effron Shapes = differentiate
between different rectangles with same surface area  Area LOC in occipital lobes is NB for
face perception  Visual agnosia needs to be bilateral to cause problems in shapes because if
unilateral then patient can compensate
-Visual system pathways: 40% of brain area is involved in visual processing –beyond occipital lobes
- Ventral pathway = visual perception (e.g. what am I looking at?)
- Dorsal pathway = visual guidance (e.g. how am I doing it)
-Higher-order perceptual disorders:
- Visual Agnosia: selective deficit in object recognition (objects/faces)  sensory processing
intact (touch & recognize)  language processing intact (name it)  object knowledge intact
(understand its use)
-Lissauer developed 2 types of visual perceptual agnosia

, - Apperceptive agnosia = putting all features of an object together to form coherent picture
(copying/drawing objects)  sensory processing intact, perception deficit
- Associative visual agnosia = can copy/draw but cannot link with stored knowledge (identification
deficit ) impaired associating perceptual representation with semantic knowledge
o Unusual views (aerial view/shadows)  Overlapping figures
-Theories of Object Recognition: from basic visual representations 
to more complex representations  to linking with existing knowledge
-Face Perception: separate system for faces
- Model Bruce & Young – Parallel Systems = different
aspects/components of face perceptions  fairly independent
 all happen in parallel
o Structural encoding: perceptual representation of face
o Face recognition units: link to existing knowledge
o Facial speech analysis: lip movements (decode)
o Expression analysis: read emotions on face
Matching unfamiliar faces: match pictures of faces only – lighting/viewpoint can be
changed for complexity  Prosopagnosia: congenital/caused by lesions  inability to
recognize faces  Can be induce with electrical stimulation
- Separate Routes: for recognition & facial expression  might be able to
recognize emotion but not who the person is (and vice versa).
-(2)Visuomotor Control: visual input guides actions = (1) reaching linked to location
(2) hand opening linked to size (3) hand orientation linked to object orientation
- Optic Ataxia = using visual information about position/orientation of objects to
guide actions  Posterior parietal lobe  visual perception can be intact
- Separate visuomotor channels: primary visual cortex to premotor areas  reaching vs grasping




- Obstacle Avoidance in optic ataxia –also avoid dangerous objects or knocking things over
-(3)Body Perception:
Rubber Hand Illusion: how we perceive our body  when stroking is synchronous, rubber hand = own
hand  dissipates when movement becomes asynchronous, or participant moves out of position
- Requirements: (1) Multisensory synchronized information (2) temporal & spatial integration (3)
foreign body part should resemble own body part (4) placed in anatomically plausible orientation
o Multisensory = visuo-tactile, visuomotor, tactile-motor, or introceptive (heartbeat + visual)
o Measurement: ownership questionnaire (what it felt like)
o Dependent variables: (1) Proprioceptive Drift (where do they think their hand is) (2) skin
conductance when hand is threatened (hit with hammer)
o Other body parts: e.g. rubber foot, faces, whole body (mannequin or person)
- Enfacement illusion: take on characteristics of the other person (fear or compassion)
- Rubber tail illusion for rats and other animals
- Barbie Doll Illusion = scale the world around you based on body size perception
- MIRAGE Mediated Reality: disappearing hand trick
-Use in Practice: (1) lesions can cause body perception issues (e.g. phantom limbs) (2) body perception
disturbances occur in disorders (3) illusions may simulate disorders & provide insight into underlying
processes (4) gives additional info into disorders (5) provides treatment options
- Body Representations (Head & Holmes) – multiple body representations linked to different functions
- (1) Body Schema (unconscious) standard against which changes in posture are measured
- (2) Superficial Schema (unconscious) central mapping of body surface from tactile information

, - (3) Body Image (conscious) internal representation of experiencing self  top-down
Double dissociation = 2 mental processes function separately (e.g. motor vs tactile)
Body matrix = network model of body perception = flexibility in different aspects of body.
- Body perception: tactile, postural, spatial localization, localization of touch, metric properties,
tactile object recognition
-Body perception disorders: (1) Structural (2) Metric (3) Bodily Awareness & Ownership
- (1) Structural Deficits:
o Finger Agnosia = finger identification (explicit = naming/pointing) vs (implicit btwn touches)
o Left-right orientation = deficit in identifying left/right half of body
o Gerstmann’s syndrome = finger agnosia + L/R orientation + dyscalculia + dysgraphia
- (2) Body Size (Metric) Deficits:
o Macrosomatognosia/Microsomatognosia = body is larger/smaller than reality  medial
parietal cortex  causes: peripheral anesthetic/ Migraines/complex regional pain syndrome
- (3) Body Awareness Deficits:
o Anosognosia = deny deficit exists
o Anosodiaphoria = admit deficit but minimize
o Asomatognosia = reject ownership of limb
o Somatoparaphrenia = attribute own arm to someone else  Rubber hand illusion is Larger
for: somatoparaphrenia, hemiplegics (affected hand), schizophrenia, anorexia  Rubber
hand illusion is smaller for: autism, hemiplegics (unaffected hand), and ADHD
- Body representation is not a unitary function but different aspects can be selectively impaired
ARTICLE: On Feeling and Reaching: Touch, Action, and Body Space (Dijkerman, 2017)
Chapter 3: Organisms move around & interact with objects  spatial info is NB (where objects are):
externally + in relation to own body
-Proprioception (Kinesthesia) = sense that lets us perceive location, movement, action of body parts
-Spatial information of body = proprioception + touch + visual information
-Somatosensory input = used for guiding actions + provide spatial perceptual info + haptic exploration
(purposive action that encode properties of objects) + targets on our own body
-Normal Brain is prone to distortions in somatosensory experience  underlying spatial representations
-Disturbed brain can result in perceptual somatosensory disturbance in clinical populations
-somatosensory input is NB for providing representations of body for haptic exploration of objects
-Somatosensory Processing for Perception & Action
- Dominant model for visual-cortical processing = 2 visual streams model  visual info is processed
along 2 separate streams of cortical processing: ventral (perception & recognition) & dorsal
(guiding action)  somatosensory processing is also divided by function but less anatomically clear.
- Somatosensory systems of brain: processes input from different sub
modalities (touch, proprioception, hot/cold, pain, itch)  linked to
receptors on skin, muscles, joints, tendons info from receptors in all
parts (except face) are transmitted first to dorsal side of spinal cord 
convey input to brain (1) dorsal column = tactile & proprioceptive info (2)
anterolateral system = temperature, pain & affective tactile info 
project to thalamus  primary somatosensory cortex (anterior parietal
lobe) PSC contains somatotopic map of the contralateral half of the
body  parts with higher receptor density = more cortical surface
- Damage to primary somatosensory cortex = loss tactile and
proprioceptive perception for contralateral half of the body (hemianesthesia)
- Damage to insular cortex = loss of affective touch, pain & temperature  contralaterally projected
- Secondary Somatosensory cortex =higher-order somatosensory processing (more distributed) =
parietal operculum, post parietal cortex + insular cortex  e.g extracting features and recognizing
external stimuli, conscious bodily experience, spatial/structural aspects of body

, -numbsense = patients can correctly respond to somatosensory stimuli at a higher rate than expected by
chance, but cannot perceive the same stimuli consciously (dissociated)  tactile info could not reach
perceptual detection centers but could access motor areas involving movements.
-Weber’s illusion: perceived distance between touches on a single skin surface is larger on regions of high
tactile sensitivity than those with lower sensitivity
-Bodily Illusions: way we experience body  influenced by how sensory input is processed + stored
-Larger impact of rubber hand illusion = linked to reduced sense of ownership of body
-Multiple body representations exist: (1) Postural schema (2) superficial tactile schema (3) body image
-Body Space: multimodal process to detect tactile stimuli  localize different body parts with each other
and in external space requires proprioceptive input (from joints/muscles) + tactile input (skin stretching)
- Efferent signals from motor system = estimate of extension of body part  not sufficient to localize
in external space  need info on distance between joints and length/size of body segments (from
postural schema)
- Localizing body part in external space requires afferent proprioceptive input + higher order stored
information
- To localize tactile stimuli  NB visual input  remapping external space
- Implicit representation of size of different body parts (stored metric representations)  overall
overestimation of width and underestimation of length  affects perceptual estimates
o Finger gnosis = bilateral parietal activation  left anteromedial parietal lobe (finger
identification) Finger agnosia = tactile input to fingers cannot be used to guide
movements  cluster of impairments in Gerstmann’s syndrome
-Active touch & haptic object recognition: microgeometrical properties (texture, density, thermal
properties) = input receptors of skin  macrogeomectrical properties (size/shape) = input from tactile /
proprioceptive receptors of muscle, tendon, joint  selective impairment in macro & micro properties
- Tactile apraxia: Deficits in exploratory hand movements (while basic sensorimotor function is
intact) difficulty adjusting hand movements to character of object (superior posterior parietal)
- Difficulties in haptic exploration  can lead to recognition problems (can have different causes)
- Test of haptic perception: blindfolded with metal bars at different angles (make them match) 
horizontal distance between two bars increased errors  hand-centered egocentric reference
visual experience is NB for allocentric representations
-Haptic Object Recognition: exploratory hand movements, recognizing objects by touch  requires
multiple somatosensory signals combined in a representation of an object (texture, shape, weight,
hardness)  gathered & integrated  semantic properties (use/function) are retrieved from memory
- Tactile agnosia: deficit in building the object representation or accessing semantic properties
- Tactile associate agnosia: representation of object is achieved (e.g. can draw) BUT access to
semantic knowledge is lost (blocking recognition)
Peripersonal Space: Area surrounding our body where objects are located = separately represented 
multimodal  Linked to safety zone around body & defensive action
- Posterior parietal regions + dorsal premotor areas  receptive fields linked to head/hand/arm
- Lateral occipital complex (LOC) + intraparietal sulcus = approaching hand in near vs far space
- Cross-modal attentional cueing  when visual cue is near, hand is followed by a tactile stimulus
- Patients = impaired in detecting tactile stimuli on contralesional side when accompanied by visual
stimulus on ipsilesional side.
- Extinction is pronounced when visual stimulus is near the similar body part on the ipsilesional side
 NOT when visual stimulus on ipsilesional side is far away or near different part of body
- Different peripersonal space representations exist: (1) preparation for motor acts (e.g. goal-
directed sensorimotor) (2) visuotactile integration (e.g. grasping toward neutral objects)
- Peripersonal space = social function: visual attention, social context, interact, shared experience
-Visuomotor reaching/grasping: spatial info for goal-directed arm movements needs visual +
somatosensory systems  Reaching = Dependent on location  grasping = dependent on nonspatial size
 separate visuomotor channels for reaching vs grasping
- Optic ataxia = selective visuomotor deficit for grasping while reaching is intact

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