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2023 Full Summary - Legal History (RGPRG50105)

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Full summary of the course "Legal History" at the RUG. Coherent, updated, relevant, and precise summary of all the full course.

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  • 29 février 2024
  • 35
  • 2022/2023
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LEGAL HISTORY EXAM REVISION

CHAPTER I (Codification):

- A codification is written by a government that exerts authority over its
subjects. A codification is exclusive in the sense that it is the only source of
law.
o The authority feature relates directly to the social contract introduced
by Rousseau. ‘Subordination of the individual to the government is
essential’
o An unwritten codification is IMPOSSIBLE
- Interpretation is what gives validity and meaning to both written and
unwritten laws.
- Montesquieu says a judge is ‘la bouche de la loi’, meaning a judge’s only
task is to deliver justice through an impartial standpoint.
- The LEGISLATOR can only issue laws but CANNOT provide explanations
of them. Emperor Justinian tried the opposite.
o Justinian tried authentic interpretation: Interpretation that is carried
out by the legislator.
- ‘Référé législatif’ example: Justinian ordered the judges to come to him
whenever the law required further explanation.
- A codification provides…
o Legal certainty of laws. Especially important for criminal law: ‘No
punishment without law’. This advanced the codification of penal law.
o Economic laws (e.g: EU today functions thanks to treaties and written
laws)
o National unity (Helped many continental states to come together and
unite to become a country)
- Have codifications hindered the development of the law?
o According to the book, no.
- THE JUDGE is the one who decides what is law both in common law
systems with no codification such as England, and continental countries with
written laws.

,CHAPTER II (Codification & natural law):
- The Declaration of Independence was based on the notion of ‘natural law’.
o These laws didn’t need no ratification because they are valid any way.
They are self-evident.
- Natural law exists alongside and above man-made law since the times of the
Greeks and the Romans
- Natural law exists ‘independent of any opinions’, had intrinsic rationality
- GAIUS said…
o All people use partially their own law and partially the law that is
common to all people. Ius civile, law for a nation. But laws that are
made with natural reasoning are law of all nations (ius gentium).
Romans used both.
- EPICURUS…
o Man must submit himself voluntarily to a higher authority to avoid
the state of ‘war against all’. No law is accepted unless it is coming
from that accepted authority.
o The Epicurean concept is formal in nature: The content of law IS
NOT important.
- STOICS…
o Completely against Epicurus’ ideas. The law couldn’t mean what an
authority describes it so. THE CONTENT IS IMPORTANT.
o Material approach. ‘Law is what is in its content in accordance with
human reasoning’.
o The Stoics would test the law against ratio. Romans never tested law
like Stoics did.
- The Roman jurists such as Papianus and Ulpian would find it unnecessary to
define in a law that a seller is bound to sell if the product is purchased. They
thought it was pretty ‘self-explanatory’. They would equate ‘natural law’
with ‘ius gentium’.
o But sometimes it was more difficult (page 35, slavery situation)
o After Justinian and his code (Corpus Juris Civilis), ALL laws
(including rational law) were codified. This distinction wasn’t
necessary from that point on.
- HUGO GROTIUS…
o The father of natural law
o He said ‘even if there were no God, natural law would still exist’.



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, o He appreciates Justinian’s code thanks to its natural law qualities.
- ROUSSEAU…
o ‘The Social Contract’: All members of the society place themselves
and their property under the authority of the will of the society.
Individuals form a nation by giving up their natural freedom in
exchange of their civil freedom. Subjugation of individual will under
society’s will, la volonté générale.
o He thinks that judges should not make law.
o He also thinks that laws of a State should be unified and codified.
- ‘Vernunftrecht’: Purely rationalistic approach to law promoted by Grotius,
the German name is vernunfrecht.
o Roman law was obsolete according to many people when
Vernunfrecht was in rise.
- Natural law may regard codification as ‘useless’ since the laws are already
self-explanatory and independent.
- BECCARIA…
o Principle of legality (no punishment without law) resulted in a huge
desire to codify criminal law. Eventually, this influenced the
codification of civil laws.




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, CHAPTER III (Codification & Roman law):
 Imperium and EDICTS  The king has the power to enact laws. Has
supreme authority.
 Comitia and LEGES (LEX)  The comitia has the power to make laws
democratically.
After Romulus came into power…
- The patrician class emerged. One hundred ‘paters’ were chosen to partake in
the senate.
After the king diminished…
- Two consuls, each with FULL IMPERIUM  The complete legislative,
executive, and judicial power.
o INTERCESSIO: A consul can disagree & overrule the other consul if
he is unhappy with a decision.
- At the start of the republic, edicts were more important than leges. There
was a ‘social battle’ between the patricians and the plebians.
o The plebian tribunes gained the right to VETO after a strike, and this
frustrated the patricians.
o Another outburst: plebians demanded codification.
1. 3 patricians went to Greece to learn about their written law
system. After they returned, the two consuls were replaced by
a board of ten men. They held imperium. They wrote the laws
on 10 tables in the Forum.
 The board changed the following year to (also two more
tables were added) and even some plebians were a part of
the new board. The judges were obliged to base decisions
on this codification, but…  LARGE ABUSE OF
POWER
o The patricians DID NOT make the ‘interpretatio’
public. Plebians did not know on which grounds
they were judged.
GNAEUS FLAVIUS  Published a book uncovering the legal uncertainties
caused by the secret interpretations.




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