Criminology-Exam 1 (AU Criminology w/ Jeff Black Terms from exam 1) 2023

Criminology-Exam 1 (AU Criminology w/ Jeff Black Terms from exam 1) 2023 criminology the scientific study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior interdisciplinary science involving two or more academic fields criminal justice referring to the agencies of social control, such as police departments, the courts, and correctional institutions that handle criminal offenders utilitarianism the view that people's behavior is motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain classical criminology the theoretical perspective suggesting that (1) people have free will to choose criminal or conventional behaviors; (2) people choose to commit crime for reasons of greed or personal need; and (3) crime can be controlled only by the fear of criminal sanctions positivism the branch of social science that uses the scientific method of the natural sciences and suggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological, or economic forces scientific method using verifiable principles and procedures for the systematic acquisition of knowledge; typically involves formulating a problem, creating a hypothesis, and collecting data through observation and experiment, to verify the hypothesis biosocial theory approach to criminology that focuses on the interaction between biological and social factors as they relate to crime sociological criminology approach to criminology, based on the work of Quetelet and Durkheim, that focuses on the relationship between social factors and crime anomie a lack of norms or clear social standards. because of rapidly shifting moral values, the individual has few guides to what is socially acceptable Chicago School group of urban sociologist who studied the relationship between environmental conditions and crime socialization process of human development and enculturation. socialization is influenced by key social processes and institutions conflict theory the view that human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict and that those who maintain social power will use it to further their own ends critical criminology the view that crime is a product of the capitalist system developmental theory the view that criminality is a dynamic process, influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristis rational choice theory the view that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act trait theory the view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits social structure theory the view that disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime social process theory the view that criminality is a function of people's interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society valid actually measuring what one intends to measure reliable producing consistent results from one measurement to another ex post facto law a law applied retroactively to punish acts that were not crimes before its passage, or one that raises the grade of an offense, or that renders an act punishable in a more severe manner than it was when commited white collar crime illegal acts that capitalize on a person's status in the marketplace. White-collar crimes may include theft, embezzlement, fraud, market manipulation, restraint of trade, and false advertising penology subarea of criminology that focuses on the correction and control of criminal offenders rehabilitation treatment of criminal offenders that is aimed at preventing future criminal behavior capital punishment the execution of criminal offenders; the death penalty mandatory sentences a statutory requirement that a certain penalty shall be carried out in all cases of conviction for a specified offense or series of offenses victimology the study of the victim's role in criminal events deviance behavior that departs from the social norm but is not necessarily criminal crime an act, deemed socially harmful or dangerous, that is specifically defined, prohibited, and punished under the criminal law decriminalized having criminal penalties reduced rather than eliminated consensus view the belief that the majority of citizens in a society share common values and agree on what behaviors should be defined as criminal