Advanced Pathophysiology Summer 2024 UTA 5315 Test 3

Advanced Pathophysiology Summer 2024 UTA 5315 Test 3 Mitral Valve Stenosis - answer- Characterized by NARROWING of mitral valve - Normal is 4-6 cm -Narrowed is less than 2.5 cm - Caused by RHEUMATIC FEVER -More common in WOMEN -Oxygenated blood comes back into heart into the left atrium and down through the mitral valve to the left ventricle - Complex: Stenosis leads to volume/pressure in left atrium, which results in atrial hypertrophy/dilation, which increases pressure/volume in the pulmonary circulation & causes PULMONARY EDEMA - Simplified: Skinny mitral valve doesn't let blood pass through easily, so blood backs up into the left atrium and causes it to swell, then backs up into the lung and causes resp. symptoms -S/sx: dyspnea, hemoptysis, a-fib, dysphagia, pulmonary hypertension Mitral Valve Regurgitation - answer-Characterized by INCOMPLETE CLOSURE of mitral valve -Caused by MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE (flaps don't close together properly, leaving valve ajar); more common in WOMEN; STICKING CHEST PAIN -Blood in left ventricle backs up to left ventricle during systole (mitral valve should be closed during systole/contraction of heart) -Leads to atrial dilation/hypertrophy, increased pulmonary vascular pressure/volume, PULMONARY EDEMA -S/sx: Dyspnea, rales, pansystolic murmur, S3 & S4 heart sounds Aortic Valve Stenosis - answer-Most common valvular disease -Most common causes are aortic valve CALCIFICATION (stiffening) in people over 60; congenital aortic valve stenosis in people less than 30 -Normal valve 3 cm; symptoms seen when valve less than 1 cm; severe when valve is less than 0.5 cm -Narrowed valve prevents outflow from left ventricle to aorta. This backs up blood to the left atrium and ultimately floods the lung causing PULMONARY EDEMA S/Sx: Pulmonary hypertension/edema, poor outflow of aorta to body (aorta sends out oxygenated blood to body), causing fainting or chest pain Simplified: Aorta is stiff and can't send out oxygenated blood properly to the body, depriving tissues of oxygen. Blood gets backed up into lungs, causing pulmonary edema. Aortic Valve Regurgitation - answer-Valve is TOO WIDE or TOO NARROW, blood doesn't pass through effectively, causing back flow of blood into the left ventricle -Marked by EARLY DIASTOLIC MURMUR (on systole, heart contracts and pushes blood up the aorta, but on diastole, heart relaxes and ineffective aortic valve is not able to hold blood up in aorta, so blood falls and makes a swish sound, which is the murmur) -Most commonly caused by AORTIC ROOT DILATION(starting point of aorta is too wide) -Other causes: infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, aortitis from syphilis, coarctation (congenital narrowing of aorta), aortic dissection (tear), ankylosing spondylitis (inflammatory arthritis) -Acute: increases left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) (increased blood back down in the left ventricle increases pressure), decreased stroke volume (not much blood is being pushed from left ventricle because blood's backed up and overwhelming left ventricle), normal or decreased pulse pressure, decreased cardiac output (aorta is not effectively pumping blood from heart) Chronic: Body adjusts; LVEDP normalizes, systolic bp increases (compensation: harder contraction to push blood out of aorta before it falls back down to left ventricle), diastolic bp decreases (compensation: decreased relaxation of heart to stop blood from seeping back out of aorta), cardiac output is normal, pulse pressure is increase. Blood ultimately is backed up into the left atrium and pulmonary circulation. Atherosclerosis Causes - answer-Begins with tissue injury Sources of injury: CIGARETTES (toxins) Hypertension (increased force of the blood hitting the blood vessel can weaken it) Diabetes Hyperlipidemia (lipids take place of endothelial cells lining the blood vessel, initiating an inflammatory response) Patho of Atherosclerosis r/t Hyperlipidemia - Inflammatory Response - answer1. Tissue injury to endothelial cells lining the blood vessel. 2. Endothelial cells become inflammed and unable to produce sufficient antithrombotic and vasodilating cytokines, increasing risk for clot formation and creating a tighter space for plaques and clots to grow. 3. Macrophages and platelets are called to the area of injury, further congesting the growing plaque area. 4. LDL replaces endothelial cells in the lining of the blood vessel. 5. Macrophages engulf the LDL particles. 6. Macrophages eat too much LDL, causing them to burst and become foam cells (under a microscope they look like sea foam) 7. Accumulation of foam cells causes a fatty streak. Fatting streak further triggers inflammatory responses, repeating the whole cycle, and growing the fatty streak. 8. Smooth muscle hyperplasia from all the inflammation grows, produces collagen, and covers the fatty streak to create a fibrous plaque. 9. The plaque may calcify, protrude into the vessel, and occlude blood flow, resulting in ischemia or infarction. Hyperlipidemia - answerLeading cause of coronary artery disease Most commonly affects promximal portions of coronary arteries, larger branches of carotid arteries, circle of Willis (base of brain), large vessels of lower extremities, renal arteries, mesenteric (intestinal) arteries Consequences of Atherosclerosis - answerReduced blood flow Coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, carotid artery disease, cerebral vascular disease, stroke, mesenteric ischemia, peripheral vascular disease, renal artery stenosis Congenital Heart Disease - answer-Most common heart disease affecting children -Etiology is unknown in 90% of cases Causes: Genetic/environmental factors (multifactorial factors) Primary genetic factors (single gene disorders, chromosome disorders) Sole environmental factors (Accutane/isotretinoin for acne, alcohol, maternal rubella infection) Maternal Risk Factors: Age over 45, prior child with heart defect, poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy, alcohol, congenital infection during pregnancy (rubella), aspirin, lupus, Dilantin/phenytoin/diphenylhydantoin for seizures LEFT to RIGHT shunt (Congenital heart defect) - answer-Oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart mixes with unoxygenated blood in the right side of the heart. -Oxygen saturation on left side is usually 95%, whereas right side is 75% - As blood mixes, right side's oxygen saturation increases to 80% or more -VOLUME OVERLOAD occurs on RIGHT side of heart occurs, leading to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, which causes RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY, (secondary to pulm. hptn.), and LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY(secondary to blood being returned to left ventricle) Eisenmenger Syndrome: Reversal of left to right shunt to a right to left shunt. Eisenmenger Syndrome - answer1. Increased blood flow returns to lungs rather than to the rest of the body. 2. Blood vessels become stiff and narrow - permanent damage. 3. Increased pressure of the blood flow in the lung becomes so great that the direction of blood flow through the shunt reverses. 4. Oxygen-poor (blue) blood from the right side of the heart flows into the left ventricle and is pumped to the body and tissues do not receive enough oxygen. 5. Results in late-onset cyanosis (as in, later in life) and clubbing of fingernails. Ventricular Septal Defect (most common congenital heart defect) - answer-Hole allowing blood to move from left ventricle to the right ventricle -Sign: Harsh holosytolic murmur at the lower left sternal border (high-pitched, begins at the first heart sound (S1) and continue to the second heart sound (S2)) -Multiple VSDs are associated with Tetralogy of Fallot, Cri du Chat Syndrome, and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. -Associated with development of atrial septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, coarction (congenital narrowing) of aorta, aortic valve stenosis, INCREASED RISK FOR DEVELOPING ENDOCARDITIS at some point in life ( infection of the heart's inner lining, usually involving the heart valves) Atrial Septal Defect (most common congenital heart defect in adults) - answer-Most common cause is a patent foramen ovale (hole) that does not close -Associated with FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME and DOWN SYNDROME -Sign: Midsystolic murmur at upper sternal border -Increases risk for EMBOLUS Patent Ductus Arteriosus - answerPatent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistent opening between the two major blood vessels leading from the heart. The opening, called the ductus arteriosus, is a normal part of a baby's circulatory system before birth that usually closes shortly after birth. If it remains open, however, it's called a patent ductus arteriosus. Sign: Machine-like murmur heard continuously throughout systole and diastole Reversal may occur if pulmonary hptn occurs from increased blood flow through the pulmonary artery. If this happens, unoxygenated blood will enter the aorta below the level of the subclavian artery and the child will be cyanotic in the lower body, but not in the upper body. Associated with congenital rubella, Tetralogy of Fallot, respiratory distress syndrome, and transposition of great vessels (unoxygenated blood does not pick up oxygen in lungs and is pumped back to body) Right to left shunt - answerTetralogy of Fallot is most common cyanotic congenital heart defect. *Impaired gas exchanged r/t decreased pulmonary blood flow* Right side of heart = Deoxygenated