TEST BANK
Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice
Susan G. Salvo
7th Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01: History of Massage-Prehistoric Times to the Modern Era and Professional
Societies, Organizations, and Associations 1
Chapter 02: The Therapeutic Relationship-Ethics, Cultural Competencies, and Boundaries 10
Chapter 03: Tools of the Trade-Tables, Accessories, Linens, Lubricants, Aromatherapy,
Essential Oils, and the Massage Environment 23
Chapter 04: Career Longevity-Wellness, Wellbeing, and Self-Care 30
Chapter 05: Evidence-Informed Practice and Research Literacy 42
Chapter 06: Massage Therapy Research 52
Chapter 07: Body Mechanics, Client Positioning, and Draping 58
Chapter 08: Massage Techniques, Mobilizations and Stretches, Endangerment Sites, and
Contraindications 69
Chapter 09: Concepts of Disease, Standard Precautions, Transmission-Based Precautions,
Disinfection Procedures, and Emergency Preparedness 82
Chapter 10: Professional Standards-Scope of Practice, Standards of Care, Assessments,
Documentation, Informed Consent, Treatment Planning, and Referrals 93
Chapter 11: Special Populations-Massage for Pregnant and Postpartum Clients, Infants,
Children, Adolescents, Aging Adults, and Those with Visual, Hearing, and Mobility
Impairment 105
Chapter 12: Hydrotherapy-Clinical Applications, Spa Applications, and Spa Procedures 116
Chapter 13: Foot Reflexology-Principles and Practice 127
Chapter 14: Clinical Massage-Pain Theories & Pain Management, Clinical Assessments,
Clinical Application Methods, Sports Massage & Working with Athletics, Soft Tissue
Injuries 132
Chapter 15: Seated Massage-Principles and Practice 146
Chapter 16: Asian Bodywork Therapy-Shiatsu, Thai Massage, Ayurvedic Principles, and
Chakras 150
Chapter 17: Business Practices-Getting Started, Marketing, Professional Development,
Accounting, and Planning 162
Chapter 18: Introduction to the Human Body-Medical Terminology, Cells, Tissues, and
Body Compass 174
Chapter 19: Skeletal System, Pathologies, Disorders, and Injuries 188
Chapter 20: Muscular System, Pathologies, Disorders, and Injuries 199
Chapter 21: Kinesiology-Part A 210
Chapter 21: Kinesiology-Part B 258
Chapter 22: Integumentary System, Pathologies, Conditions, and Injuries 259
Chapter 23: Nervous System, Pathologies, Disorders, and Injuries 268
Chapter 24: Endocrine System and Pathologies 286
Chapter 25: Reproductive System, Pathologies, Conditions, and Disorders 297
Chapter 26: Cardiovascular System, Pathologies, and Disorders 309
Chapter 27: Lymphatic System, Pathologies, and Conditions 321
Chapter 28: Respiratory System, Pathologies, Conditions, and Disorders 329
,Chapter 29: Digestive System, Pathologies, Dysfunctions, and Disorders 338
Chapter 30: Urinary System, Pathologies, and Disorders 347
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Test Bank - Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice, 7th Edition (Salvo, 2023)
Chapter 01: History of Massage: Prehistoric Times to the Modern Era and Professional
Societies, Organizations, and Associations
Salvo: Massage Therapy, 7th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which method is defined as manipulation of soft tissue using pressure and traction for
clinical, therapeutic, and palliative purposes?
a. Acupuncture
b. Ayurveda
c. Polarity therapy
d. Massage therapy
ANS: D
Massage therapy the manipulation of soft tissue using compression and
decompression/traction for clinical, therapeutic, and palliative purposes or for wellness and
self-care purposes.
2. Which origin for the word massage is Greek?
a. Mashesh
b. Masso
c. Masser
d. Makeh
ANS: B
The origin of the word massage is unclear, but can be traced to numerous sources: the Hebrew
mashesh, the Greek masso and massin, the Latin massa, the Arabic mass’h, the Sanskrit
makeh, and the French masser.
3. When was the earliest the term massage was used by most European-based cultures?
a. 1600s
b. 1700s
c. 1800s
d. 1900s
ANS: C
By the early 1800s, the term massage was used by most European-based cultures.
Historically, massage was referred to by its techniques such as friction or rubbing.
4. The first written records of massage date back to 3000 BCE in which country?
a. India
b. China
c. Egypt
d. Greece
ANS: B
Written records regarding the practice of massage go back to 3000 BCE in China.
Acupuncture was not mentioned in Chinese writings until 90 BCE.
5. Which work is commonly referred to as the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine?
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Test Bank - Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice, 7th Edition (Salvo, 2023)
a. Tao Te Ching
b. Nei Ching
c. Ayur-Veda
d. Corpus Hippocraticum
ANS: B
At the time of Hwang Ti, various ideas and beliefs were compiled under the name of the
Yellow Emperor (died in 2599 BCE) which became the classic scripture of traditional Chinese
medicine known as the Nei Chang. The Nei Chang was written about 2760 BCE, and this
work contains detailed descriptions of massage procedures as well as herbal medicines.
6. What is the original massage technique in China and the precursor to manual and energetic
therapies?
a. Polarity
b. Shiatsu
c. Acupuncture
d. Amma
ANS: D
Amma is regarded as the original massage technique and precursor to all other Chinese
therapies, manual and energetic.
7. Which healing method is based on Hindu tradition?
a. Ayurveda
b. Shiatsu
c. Amma
d. Polarity
ANS: A
Knowledge of amma massage traveled to the subcontinent of India from China, and massage
became part of Hindu tradition. Massage is described in India’s first great medical texts, the
Ayurveda books of wisdom (about 1800 BCE) and recommend massage as an indispensable
healing procedure.
8. Which method is Japanese but based on Chinese medicine concepts, and uses pressure applied
from the practitioner’s thumbs, elbows, and other parts of the body?
a. Ayurveda
b. Shiatsu
c. Massage
d. Amma
ANS: B
Shiatsu is a Japanese method based on the same traditional Chinese medicine concepts as
acupuncture —energy flows in the body through streams called channels or meridians.
Acupuncturists use needles at specific points to balance the flow of energy; shiatsu
practitioners use their fingers, thumbs, forearms, elbows, and even their knees and feet.
9. Who is generally recognized as the father of modern Western medicine?
a. Galen
b. Celsus
c. Rhazes
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Test Bank - Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice, 7th Edition (Salvo, 2023)
d. Hippocrates
ANS: D
Hippocrates was known to be a fine physician, founder of a medical school, author of
numerous books, and advocated the use of massage or “rubbing”. These works are
collectively known as the Corpus Hippocraticum, and summarized much of what was known
about disease and medicine in the ancient world. Hippocrates is generally recognized as the
father of modern Western medicine, and he believed that physicians should avoid causing
harm to patients.
10. Who wrote the Canon of Medicine, the most famous book in the history of medicine in both
the East and the West?
a. Rhazes
b. Celsus
c. Avicenna
d. Hippocrates
ANS: C
A text entitled or Canon of Medicine was written by one of the
greatest Persian physicians of his era, Avicenna (980-1037). He was also known as Ibn Sina.
The Canon of Medicine is the most famous book in the history of medicine in both the East
and the West.
11. Which individual discussed the effects of massage and used friction on joints in the 1500s?
a. Paré
b. Harvey
c. Galen
d. Mezger
ANS: A
Ambroise Paré (1515-1590) was a famous French surgeon who was among the earliest
individuals in this era to discuss the effects of massage. He used friction to treat dislocated
joints and other orthopedic conditions.
12. Who was the first known scientist to demonstrate that blood circulation due to muscular
contraction of the heart?
a. Paré
b. Galen
c. Harvey
d. Mezger
ANS: C
English scientist William Harvey (1578–1657) discovered the circulation of blood in 1628,
and his writings did much to promote the acceptance of massage as a treatment measure.
Harvey observed the hearts of living animals and determined that active phase of the heart
muscular contraction (systole) pumped blood through arteries and veins.
13. Who developed the Swedish Movement Cure, which included the use of massage?
a. Johann Mezger
b. Pehr H. Ling
c. George Henry Taylor
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Test Bank - Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice, 7th Edition (Salvo, 2023)
d. John Harvey Kellogg
ANS: B
Pehr Henrik Ling (1776 to 1839) developed his own system of massage and exercises or
gymnastics, the latter of which consisted of four types—educational, military, medical, and
esthetic. This system was called the Swedish Remedial Massage and Exercise, the Swedish
Movement Cure, or simply the Ling system.
14. Which term describes a component of the Ling System?
a. Shiatsu
b. Ayurveda
c. Thai massage
d. Swedish massage
ANS: D
The term Swedish massage was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system.
For this reason, Ling is regarded as the father of Swedish massage.
15. Which individual is credited with having introduced French terms still in use to describe
massage techniques?
a. Johann Mezger
b. William Harvey
c. Pehr H. Ling
d. Charles Taylor
ANS: A
French was the international language in the nineteenth century. The Dutch physician Johann
Mezger (1838 to 909) is credited with having introduced the French terminology still used to
describe massage techniques (e.g., effleurage, pétrissage, tapotement) which is still used in
massage legislation, medical insurance billing codes, and massage curricula.
16. Who is the founder of modern nursing, which included massage as part of care?
a. Tiffany Field
b. Florence Nightingale
c. Charles Fayette Taylor
d. John Harvey Kellogg
ANS: B
Florence Nightingale (1829 to 1910) of England, founder of modern nursing, took care of
wounded soldiers during the Crimean War (1853 to 1856). She developed a standard of care
for patients, and massage was an integral part of care. When nurse training was developed,
massage was included in the curriculum and massage was provided to patients as part of their
comfort measures.
17. French physician Lucas-Championniere used massage and exercise to treat soldiers injured
during which event?
a. World War I
b. World War II
c. Civil War
d. Viet Nam War
ANS: A
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Test Bank - Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice, 7th Edition (Salvo, 2023)
World War I provided countless opportunities for the use of massage and exercise to
rehabilitate injured soldiers. French physician Just Lucas-Championniere (1843 to 1913)
advocated for the use of massage and passive movements to treat soft tissue injuries and
fractures.
18. In what year did George Henry Taylor and Charles Fayette Taylor introduce the Swedish
Movement system in the United States?
a. 1796
b. 1856
c. 1911
d. 1958
ANS: B
Drs. George Henry Taylor (1829 to 1899) and Charles Fayette Taylor (1827 to 1899) sailed to
Sweden to study the Ling system and returned to the United States to open the Remedial
Hygienic Institute of New York City in 1856. The institute was an orthopedic clinic
specializing in Ling’s system of massage and exercise. “Water cures” and nutrition were
incorporated into their treatment regimen.
19. Who wrote the first American textbook on the Swedish Movement System in 1860?
a. Hartvig Nissen
b. Andrew Weil
c. George Taylor
d. Douglas Graham
ANS: C
George Taylor wrote the first American textbook on the Swedish Movement System titled An
Exposition of the Swedish Movement Cure (1860).
20. Who opened the Swedish Health Institute of Washington, DC, considered the first massage
school in the United States?
a. John Harvey Kellogg
b. Douglas Graham
c. Just Lucas-Championniere
d. Hartvig Nissen
ANS: D
In 1883, Hartvig Nissen (1857 to 1924) opened the Swedish Health Institute of Washington,
DC. This is considered the first massage school in the United States.
21. Who helped popularize massage therapy in the United States during the modern era by writing
numerous books and publishing articles in his magazine, Good Health?
a. John Harvey Kellogg
b. Douglas Graham
c. Just Lucas-Championniere
d. Hartvig Nissen
ANS: A
John Harvey Kellogg (1852 to1943) of Battle Creek, Michigan, promoted massage to the
general public. He wrote numerous articles and books on massage and published a magazine
called Good Health.
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Test Bank - Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice, 7th Edition (Salvo, 2023)
22. Which massage organization took the first step toward professionalism by the establishing a
massage curriculum and accreditation of massage schools?
a. American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses
b. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy
c. Esalen Massage and Bodywork Association
d. Society of Trained Masseuses
ANS: D
In 1894 the Commissioners of the British Medical Journal published a report titled “The
Scandals of Massage” to expose these practices. This prompted nine British nurses and
midwives to form a council of trained masseuses. The following year (1895), the council
established the Society of Trained Masseuses. The founders of the Society acted to legitimize
massage, which had become tarnished by its association with prostitution. The Society
established a massage practice model, which regulated massage through a published massage
curriculum and accreditation of massage schools, which included regular inspections and use
of only qualified massage instructors. Members of the Society were required to pass
examinations and were subject to routine surveillance.
23. What was the original name of the American Massage Therapy Association?
a. Society of Trained Masseuses
b. Esalen Massage and Bodywork Association
c. American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses
d. Chartered Society of Massage and Medical Gymnastics
ANS: C
In 1943, postgraduates from the College of Swedish Massage in Chicago created the
American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses, renamed the American Massage and
Therapy Association in 1958, then finally the American Massage Therapy Association in
1983.
24. When did the American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses become the American
Massage and Therapy Association founded?
a. 1943
b. 1958
c. 1965
d. 1987
ANS: B
In 1943, postgraduates from the College of Swedish Massage in Chicago created the
American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses, renamed the American Massage and
Therapy Association in 1958, then finally the American Massage Therapy Association in
1983.
25. When was the Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals founded?
a. 1926
b. 1943
c. 1965
d. 1987
ANS: D
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Test Bank - Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice, 7th Edition (Salvo, 2023)
Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals was founded in 1987.
26. Which center was a think tank for human potential movement and the first exposure to
massage for many people?
a. Remedial Hygienic Institute
b. Esalen Institute
c. Swedish Institute
d. Touch Research Institute
ANS: B
In 1962, Michael Murphy and Richard Pierce founded the Esalen Institute, a retreat center and
think tank for human potential movement. For many people, Esalen was their first exposure to
massage and where many came to learn massage.
27. What organization was established to advance massage by supporting research?
a. Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals
b. National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork
c. Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards
d. Massage Therapy Foundation
ANS: D
In 1990, the American Massage Therapy Foundation was established by the AMTA to
advance the massage profession through supporting scientific research and evidence-informed
practice. In 2004, the foundation became an independent organization and changed its name to
the Massage Therapy Foundation (MTF).
28. What organization offered a national certification exam in 1992 that was later adopted by
most states as a licensure requirement?
a. Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards
b. National Certification Board of Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork
c. Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals
d. American Massage Therapy Association
ANS: B
In 1992, the National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork
(NCBTMB) was founded after significant encouragement from the AMTA and other industry
leaders. The objective was to create a national certification to facilitate massage licensing
reciprocity throughout the United States. A national certification examination was launched,
and many states adopted it as part of their licensing requirements.
29. What type of credential did the National Certification Board of Therapeutic Massage and
Bodywork begin offering in 2013?
a. Master’s certification
b. Research licensure
c. Board certification
d. National licensure
ANS: C
In 2013, NCBTMB began providing board certification, which is currently the highest
voluntary credential in the massage profession. Offering the exam as part of state licensure
was retired in 2014.
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