HUBS 191 progress test 2 study guide with complete solution, Updated 2024
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HUBS 191
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HUBS 191
HUBS 191 progress test 2 study guide with complete solution, Updated 2024
central nervous system
nervous system consisting of brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
nervous system consisting of peripheral nerves
glia
'glue' provide support for neurons, 5 type, 4 in CNS, 1 in PNS
n...
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HUBS 191
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HUBS 191 progress test 2 study guide with
complete solution, Updated 2024
central nervous system
nervous system consisting of brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
nervous system consisting of peripheral nerves
glia
'glue' provide support for neurons, 5 type, 4 in CNS, 1 in PNS
neurons
nerve cells, transmission of information
dendrites
recieve input, send info into cell body
cell body
contains nucleus and organelles
axon
carries electrical impulses, may/may not be myelinated
axon terminals
end terminus of the axon, neuro transmitter release
tract
bundle of axons in the CNS
grey matter
group of cell bodies in cerebral cortex/spinal cord
white matter
bundle of axons in cerebral cortex/spinal cord
ganglion
group of cell bodies in PNS
nerve
bundle of axons in PNS
input zone
dendrites and cell body, receives chemical signals from other neurons
summation zone
axon hillock, decides to transmit signal or not
conduction zone
axon may be quite long, carry electrical signals between brain areas to and from spinal
cord or to and from peripheral sensory receptors
output zone
axon terminals, contact input of other neurons, release of neuro transmitter
multipolar
multiple processes emanate from the cell body, the 'typical' neuron
bipolar
2 processes emanate from the cell body (axon and long bridge to dendrites
unipolar
1 process emanates from cell body (hangs on side of axon)
anaxonic
,no distinct axon, all processes look alike
astrocytes
supply nutrients to neuron, ensheath blood capillaries, transmit information, CNS
microglia
immune cells of the CNS, engulf micro organisms / debris
ependymal cells
line fluid filled spaces of brain and spinal cord, have cillia to circulate CSF, CNS
oligodentrocytes
support nerve fibres, ensheath them with myelin, CNS
schwann cells
support peripheral nerve fibres, ensheath them with myelin, similar to oligodendrocytes,
PNS
myelin sheath
lipid wrapped around axon, increases conduction velocity, multiple schwann cells in a
row form the myelin sheath, gaps between myelin called nodes of ranivier
Synapse/Synpatic Cleft
neuro transmitter release from one axon terminals where electrical turns to chemical
afferent
information going into the brain
efferent
information out of brain
flow of information
info comes through receptors, afferent nerves, into CNS, integration/coordination, motor
efferent (somatic or autonomic)
somatic
the stuff we are aware of and have control over
somatic afferent
sensory information of what we are aware of
somatic efferent
voluntary muscle control, 2 neurons between brain and effector, upper and lower motor
neuron
upper motor neuron
cell body in brain, axon in spinal cord
lower motor neuron
cell body in spinal cord, axon in spinal nerve
neuro-muscular junction
Where neuron releases neurotransmitters (ACh) that depolarize muscle fiber cells ->
contraction
autonomic
involuntary control, 3 neurons between brain and effector, 2 divisions, sympathetic and
parasympathetic
autonomic neuron 1
cell body in brain, axon in brain or spinal cord (CNS)
autonomic neuron 2
cell body in brain or spinal cord, axon in PNS , myelinated, neurotransmitter = ACh
autonomic neuron 3
, cell body in PNS, axon in PNS, unmyelinated, neurotransmitter = NE
autonomic neurons effectors
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose/fat tissue
autonomic ganglion
area where synapse can occur in PNS
sympathetic autonomic nervous system
prepares body for acute/stress response, inc. HR, blood flow, pupil size, sweating,
neruon 2 axon is short, neuron 3 axon is long exit from CNS
parasympathetic autonomic nervous system
prepares body for restful situations, opposite responses to sympathetic, neuron 2 axon
long, neuron 3 axon short
sympathetic chain ganglion
where the preganglionic neurons synapse onto post ganglionic neurons
resting membrane potential
-70mV high conc. K+ inside, high conc Na+ outside
action potential
resting membrane - depolarzation - activation of sodium ion channels - rapid
depolarization - inactivation of sodium ion channels/activation of potassium ion
channels- potassium ions channels close when very hyperpolarized - both shut and
pump restores voltage
threshold
action potential must exceed axon hillock for it to be propagated, must exceed -60mV
(once threshold is exceeded it will continue to depolarize to +30mV before re
polarization)
synaptic transmission
chemical binds to protein site (ACh) opening gates for protons to flow through
chemically gated channels in NMJ
graded depolarization
chemical stimulus opens sodium ion channel, stimulus is removed and excess Na+
transported out of cytosol, chemical stimulus opens K+ ion channels, chemical stimulus
removed
foramen magnum
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal
cord
spinal cord
starts at foramen magnum, finished inferior to border of first lumbar vertebra (conus
medularis) inside meningeal sack which fits inside spinal cavity, filum terminale anchors
spinal cord
conus medularis
non neural cone shaped ending to the spinal cord
filum terminale
fibrous non neural tissue tethering spinal cord to end of spinal cavity
coccygeal
tail bone/where the filum terminale anchors
spinal cord segments
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