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  • 23 janvier 2019
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  • 2018/2019
  • Resume
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Par: blakelenoir • 1 année de cela

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sennevanroost
Faculteit Economische en Sociale Wetenschappen &
Solvay Business School




Academiejaar 2018 - 2019




ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN VOOR
BEDRIJFSKUNDE




1

,Inhoudopgave

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODS FOR BUSINESS ....................... 11

WETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK? ........................................................................11

BUSINESS RESEARCH ........................................................................................11

TOEGEPAST ONDERZOEK VS FUNDUMENTEEL ONDERZOEK ..............................................11

Relevantie voor managers ............................................................................12

ETHICS AND BUSINESS RESEARCH .........................................................................12

2 THE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION: WETENSCHAPPELIJKE EN
ALTERNATIEVE BENADERINGEN IN EEN ONDERZOEK ....................................... 13

8 KENMERKEN VAN WETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK. ...................................................13

Doelgericht .................................................................................................13

Rigoureus (= validiteit, strikt, exact) .............................................................13

Testbaar.....................................................................................................14

Reproduceerbaar .........................................................................................14

Precisie en betrouwbaarheid .........................................................................14

Objectief ....................................................................................................14

Veralgemeenbaar, generaliseerbaar ...............................................................15

“Parsimony” (= zuinigheid/ poverheid) ...........................................................15

HYPOTHETISCH-DEDUCTIEF ONDERZOEK ................................................................15

The seven-step process in the hypothetico-deductive method ...........................16
DEDUCTIE & INDUCTIE ......................................................................................17

ALTERNATIEVE BENADERING TOT ONDERZOEK ...........................................................18
Positivisme .................................................................................................18

Constructivisme ..........................................................................................18

Kritisch realisme .........................................................................................19

Pragmatisme ..............................................................................................19

3 HET ONDERZOEKSTHEMA EN PROBLEEMSTELLING DEFINIËREN ............. 20

VERKENNEDE LITERATUURSTUDIE..........................................................................20

BRONNEN .....................................................................................................20

PROBLEEMSTELLING .........................................................................................21
ONDERZOEKSVOORSTEL ....................................................................................23

4 DE KRITISCHE LITERATUURSTUDIE ........................................................ 24

DOEL KRITISCHE LITERATUURSTUDIE .....................................................................25

2

, HOE DE LITERATUURSTUDIE BENADEREN .................................................................26

Bronnen data sources ..................................................................................26
Zoeken naar literatuur .................................................................................28

Literatuur evalueren: leesstrategie ................................................................28
Literatuurstudie documenteren .....................................................................29

ETHISCHE ISSUES............................................................................................30

NUTTIGE BRONNEN VOOR BUSINESS RESEARCH .........................................................31

APA-STIJL OM ARTIKELS TE REFEREREN ..................................................................31

5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK & HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT .................... 32

DE NOOD AAN EEN THEORETISCH KADER .................................................................32

VARIABELEN ..................................................................................................32

De afhankelijke variabele .............................................................................33

De onafhankelijke variabele ..........................................................................33

Modererende variabele .................................................................................34

De mediërende of interventie variabele ...........................................................35

THEORETISCH KADER ........................................................................................37

Componenten van een theoretisch kader ........................................................37

ONTWIKKELING VAN HYPOTHESE...........................................................................37

Definitie van een hypothese ..........................................................................37

Statement of hypotheses: formats (verschillende soorten hypothese) ................38

Directionele vs. non-directionele hypothese (gericht vs. non gericht) .................38

Null- en alternatieve hypothese .....................................................................38

HYPOTHESIS TESTING MET KWALITATIEF ONDERZOEK: NEGATIEVE CASE ANALYSE..................39
IMPLICATIES VOOR MANAGERS .............................................................................40

6 ELEMENTEN VAN RESEARCH DESIGN ....................................................... 41

RESEARCH DESIGN ..........................................................................................41

ONDERZOEKSDOEL: VERKENNEND, BESCHRIJVEND, CAUSAAL (VERKLAREND) .......................42

Verkennend onderzoek .................................................................................42

Descriptief, beschrijvend onderzoek ...............................................................43
Verklarend onderzoek (hypothesetestend) ......................................................43

MATE VAN INMENGING VAN DE ONDERZOEKER ...........................................................44

STUDY SETTING: CONTRIVED AND NONCONTRIVED......................................................44
ONDERZOEKSSTRATEGIEËN.................................................................................45

Experiment .................................................................................................45

3

, Survey research/ opinieonderzoek .................................................................46

Observatie/etnografie ..................................................................................46
Case study .................................................................................................47

Grounded theory .........................................................................................47
Action research ...........................................................................................48

Mixed methods............................................................................................48

UNIT OF ANALYSIS: INDIVIDUEN, DYADS, GROEPEN, ORGANISATIES, CULTUREN....................49

TIME HORIZON: CROSS-SECTIONEEL VERSUS LONGITUDINALE STUDIES..............................49

Cross-sectional studies/ one shot studies .......................................................49

Longitudinal studies .....................................................................................50

TRADE-OFFS AND OVEREENKOMSTEN .....................................................................50

IMPLICATIES VOOR MANAGERS .............................................................................51

SAMENVATTING ..............................................................................................52

7 DATA COLLECTION METHODS: INTRODUCTION AND INTERVIEWS .......... 55

INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................55

PRIMAIRE DATAVERZAMELINGSMETHODEN................................................................56

Primaire versus secundaire methoden ............................................................56

Unobtrusive measures .................................................................................57

INTERVIEWING ...............................................................................................58

Unstructured and structured interviews ..........................................................58

Enkele tips om te volgen bij het interviewen ...................................................60

Face-to-face and telephone interviews ...........................................................62

Additional sources of bias in interview data .....................................................63
Computer-assisted interviewing ....................................................................63

Groepsinterview ..........................................................................................63

VOORDELEN EN NADELEN VAN INTERVIEWS ..............................................................66

PROJECTIVE METHODS ....................................................................................66

REVIEW OF INTERVIEWING .................................................................................68

8 DATA COLLECTION METHODS: OBSERVATION ......................................... 69

DEFINITION AND PURPOSE OF RESEARCH .................................................................69

FOUR KEY DIMENSIONS THAT CHARACTERIZE THE TYPE OF OBSERVATION ............................69

Gecontroleerde versus ongecontroleerde observationele studies ........................69
Participant versus geen participant ................................................................70

Gestructureerd versus ongestructureerd .........................................................70

4

, Verborgen versus openlijke observatie ...........................................................70

Andere belangrijke dimensies .......................................................................71
Voorbeelden van observatie: ........................................................................71

TWO IMPORTANT APPROACHES TO OBSERVATION ........................................................72
Participerende observatie: Inleiding ...............................................................72

Het participerende aspect van participerende observatie ..................................73

Het observatie aspect van participerende observatie ........................................74

What to observe? ........................................................................................74

Gestructureerde observatie: Inleiding ............................................................76

The use of coding schemes in structured observation .......................................76

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION ..................................................78

Voordelen observatie: ..................................................................................78

Nadelen observatie: .....................................................................................78

9 DATA COLLECTION METHODS: QUESTIONNAIRES ................................... 79

TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRES ................................................................................79

PERSONALLY, administered questionnaires .....................................................79

Mail & electronic questionnaires ....................................................................79

GUIDELINES FOR QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN (STAPPENPLAN) PLAN VAN AANPAK ......................81

Inhoud en doel van de vragen .......................................................................81

Taal en formulering van de vragen ................................................................82

Type en vorm van de vragen ........................................................................82

DE VOLGORDE VAN DE VRAGEN: ...........................................................................84

Classificatie gegevens of persoonlijke informatie: ............................................84
Principles of measurement ............................................................................84

General appearance or ‘setup’ of the questionnaire ..........................................85

Pretesting of structured questions .................................................................85

Elektronische vragenlijsten en survey ontwerp ................................................85

INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF SURVEYS ...............................................................86

Special issues in instrumentation for cross-cultural research .............................86
Issues in data collection ...............................................................................86

REVIEW OF THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENT DATA COLLECTION METHODS
AND WHEN TO USE EACH .............................................................................................87

Face –to-face interview: ...............................................................................87

Telefonisch interview: ..................................................................................87

Observatie: ................................................................................................87

5

, Persoonlijk een vragenlijst afleggen: ..............................................................87

Vragenlijsten per post en elektronische vragenlijsten: ......................................87
MULTIMETHODS OF DATA COLLECTION ....................................................................88

MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS ................................................................................88
ETHICS IN DATA COLLECTION ..............................................................................88

10 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS ........................................................................ 89

THE LAB EXPERIMENT ........................................................................................89

Control....................................................................................................89

Manipulatie ..............................................................................................90

Controlling the contaminating exogenous or ‘nuisance’ variables ....................91

Internal validity of lab experiments ............................................................92

External validity or generalizability of lab experiments ..................................92

THE FIELD EXPERIMENT .....................................................................................93

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL VALIDITY IN EXPERIMENTS ...................................................93

Trade-off between internal and external validity ...........................................93

Factors effecting the validity of experiments ................................................93

Identifying threats to validity .....................................................................95

Internal validity in case studies ..................................................................95

Review of factors effecting internal and external validity................................96

TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND VALIDITY .........................................................96

Quasi-experimental designs .......................................................................96

True experimental designs .........................................................................97

Ex post facto designs ................................................................................99
Threats to validity in the previous experimental designs ................................99

SIMULATION ................................................................................................ 100

ETHICAL ISSUES IN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN RESEARCH ............................................... 101

MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS .............................................................................. 102

11 MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES: OPERATIONAL DEFINITION ................. 103

HOW VARIABLES ARE MEASURED......................................................................... 103
OPERATIONALISEREN ...................................................................................... 104

Operationalization: dimensions and elements............................................. 105

Operationalizing the (multidimensional) concept of achievement motivation .. 105
Dimensies en elementen van motivatie om te presteren .............................. 106

De kijk van de positivist: ......................................................................... 107

6

, What operationalization is not .................................................................. 107

BESLUIT ..................................................................................................... 108

12 MEASUREMENT: SCALING, RELIABILITY, VALIDITY .............................. 109

FOUR TYPES OF SCALES ................................................................................... 109
Nominal scale ........................................................................................ 110

Ordinal scale .......................................................................................... 111

Interval scale ......................................................................................... 112

Ratio scale............................................................................................. 113

Review of scales ..................................................................................... 113

RATING SCALES ............................................................................................ 115

Dichotomous scale.................................................................................. 115

Category scale ....................................................................................... 115

Semantic differential scale ....................................................................... 116

Numerical scale ...................................................................................... 117

Itemized rating scale .............................................................................. 117

Likert scale ............................................................................................ 118

Fixed or constant sum scale ..................................................................... 118

Stapel scale ........................................................................................... 119

Graphic rating scale ................................................................................ 119

Consensus scale ..................................................................................... 120

Andere schalen ...................................................................................... 120

RANKING SCALES .......................................................................................... 121

Paired comparison .................................................................................. 121
Forced choise ......................................................................................... 121

Comparative scale .................................................................................. 122

INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF SCALING ............................................................... 122

GOODNESS OF MEASURES ................................................................................ 122

Item analysis ......................................................................................... 122

Validity ................................................................................................. 123
Reliability .............................................................................................. 125

Review of goodness of measures .............................................................. 126

13 SAMPLING (STEEKPROEFTREKKING) ..................................................... 127

POPULATION, ELEMENT, SAMPLE, SAMPLING UNIT AND SUBJECT..................................... 127

Population ............................................................................................. 127

7

, Element ................................................................................................ 127

Sample ................................................................................................. 127
Sampling unit ........................................................................................ 128

Subject ................................................................................................. 128
Sample frame ........................................................................................ 128

SAMPLE DATA AND POPULATION VALUES ................................................................ 128

Parameters ............................................................................................ 128

Reasons for sampling .............................................................................. 128

Representativeness of samples ................................................................ 128

Normality of distributions ........................................................................ 129

THE SAMPLING PROCESS .................................................................................. 129

Defining the population: .......................................................................... 129

Determining the sample frame: ................................................................ 129

Determining the sample design: ............................................................... 130

Determining the sample size: .................................................................. 130

Executing the sampling process: .............................................................. 131

PROBABILITY SAMPLING ................................................................................... 131
Unrestricted or simple random sampling ................................................... 131

Restricted or complex probability sampling ................................................ 131

NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING.............................................................................. 134

Convenience sampling ............................................................................ 134
Purposive sampling................................................................................. 134

Voor- en nadelen van sampling designs .................................................... 136
Welk sampling design ga je kiezen? .......................................................... 138

EXAMPLES OF WHEN CERTAIN SAMPLING DESIGNS WOULD BE APPROPRIATE ....................... 139
ISSUES OF PRECISION AND CONFIDENCE IN DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE ........................... 140

Precision ............................................................................................... 140

Confidence ............................................................................................ 141

Sample data, precision and confidence in estimation ................................... 141
Trade-off (afweging) between confidence and precision ............................... 142

SAMPLE DATA AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING ............................................................... 142

THE SAMPLE SIZE .......................................................................................... 142

Determining the sample size .................................................................... 142

Sample size and type II errors ................................................................. 142

Rules of thumb ...................................................................................... 143


8

, Efficiency in sampling ............................................................................. 143

SAMPLING AS RELATED TO QUALITATIVE STUDIES .................................................. 143
MANAGERIAL COMPLICATIONS ........................................................................ 144

14 QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS ........................................................... 144

DATA BEWERKEN ........................................................................................... 144

15 QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS: HYPOTHESIS TESTING ...................... 144

16 QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS .............................................................. 145

INLEIDING .................................................................................................. 145

DRIE STAPPEN IN KWALITATIEVE DATA ANALYSE (MILES, HUBERMAN): ............................ 145

Data reduction ....................................................................................... 146

Data display .......................................................................................... 148

Drawing conclusions ............................................................................... 148
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ............................................... 149

SOME OTHER METHODS OF GATHERING AND ANALYZING QUALITATIVE DATA ....................... 150

Content analysis..................................................................................... 150

Narrative analysis................................................................................... 150

Analytic induction ................................................................................... 150

BIG DATA: .................................................................................................. 151

CASE STUDY RESEARCH (NIET IN HET HB) ..................................................... 152

17 THE RESEARCH REPORT......................................................................... 155

THE WRITTEN REPORT ..................................................................................... 155

The purpose of the written report ............................................................. 155

The audience for the written report........................................................... 156
Characteristics of a well-written report ...................................................... 156

CONTENTS OF THE RESEARCH REPORT .................................................................. 156
The title and title page ............................................................................ 156

The executive summary or abstract .......................................................... 157

Table of contents .................................................................................... 157

List of tables, figures, and other materials ................................................. 157
Preface ................................................................................................. 157

The autorization letter............................................................................. 157

The introductory section .......................................................................... 158

The body of the report ............................................................................ 159

9

, The final part of the report ...................................................................... 159

References ............................................................................................ 160
Appendix ............................................................................................... 160

ORAL PRESENTATION ...................................................................................... 160
Deciding on the content .......................................................................... 160

Visual aids ............................................................................................. 160

The presenter ........................................................................................ 160

The presentation .................................................................................... 160

Handling questions ................................................................................. 160




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